被子植物系统发育研究的现状与展望

为植物界最大的类群—被子植物建立一个能真正反映植物的进化历史和系统发育（phylogeny）的分类系统一直是许多植物系统学家和进化学家所向往的。到目前为止,已经提出的被子植物分类系统至少有二十多个。问题在于这样的分类系统能否说已符合于系统发育的要求？要回答这个问题,首先必须弄清系统发育的真正含义是什么。     

Costusoside-I and costusoside-J,two new furostanol saponins from the seeds of Costus speciosus

The structure of costusoside I and costusoside J have been established as 3-O-{β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 2) [α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 4)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl}-26-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-22α-methoxy 25 R)-furost-5-en-3β, 26-diol and its 22-hydroxy compound respectively, isolated fron the seeds of Costus speciosus.     

人参对大鼠胃G细胞、D细胞影响的免疫组织化学观察

本文应用免疫组织化学PAP方法观察大鼠胃G细胞、D细胞的分布和形态特征,以及人参对胃G细胞、D细胞免疫细胞化学活性的影响。用细胞显微分光光度计检测了服用人参的G细胞、D细胞免疫反应阳性面积及光密度。检测结果表明,人参能使大鼠胃G细胞、D细胞增大,增加G细胞中胃泌素的含量和D细胞中生长抑素的含量。本文的结果提示,人参对大鼠胃G细胞和D细胞的形态及分泌活动有调节性影响。     

Histological characterization of in vitro regenerated structures of Panax ginseng

Callus was induced from mature leaf lamina, petiole, stem, and main and branch root of Panax ginseng and maintained under different nutrient and light conditions. Heterogenous callus cultures differentiated organoids and/or embryoids. Embryoids that arose from callus cultures of leaf origin germinated into shoots. The occurrence of the early stages of different regenerated structures was proved on histological level.     

Chiisanoside Is Not Absorbed but Inhibits Oil Absorption in the Small Intestine of Rodents

Chiisanoside is the main component of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus leaves. Simultaneous administration of chiisanoside resulted in a decrease in the plasma TG level and increase of undigested TG in the intestinal lumen after oil gavage to mice. This suggests that chiisanoside has the potential to prevent obesity as a lipase inhibitor which suppresses fat absorption in vivo.     

In Vitro Effects of Ginseng and the Seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa on Gut Microbiota of Rats with Spleen Deficiency

Ginseng and the seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa, which are traditional Chinese medicinal materials, were often used in ancient Chinese recipes as a pair of medicines. They can replenish the primordial qi and tonify the spleen. This study investigated the effects of ginseng and the seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa (GS) extract on gut microbiota diversity in rats with spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS). A total of 52 compounds (including 16 flavonoids, 35 saponins, and 1 alkaloid) were identified and analyzed from the GS extract by UPLC‐Q‐Orbitrap‐MS/MS. The GS extract significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in rats with SDS but decreased that of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, the GS extract significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in rats with SDS but decreased that of Streptococcus, Escherichia‐Shigella, Veillonella, and Enterococcus. In addition, the GS extract influenced glucose and amino acid metabolism. In summary, the results showed that the GS extract changed the structure and diversity of gut microbiota in rats with SDS and balanced the metabolic process.     

雪腐核盘菌菌核的萌发条件与致死温度

菌核是核盘菌Sclerotinia spp.在土壤中的主要存活形式和菌核病的主要初侵染源,在土壤中可存活8年以上,其数量和存活状况直接影响着菌核病的发生和危害程度。本研究以雪腐核盘菌Sclerotinia nivalis菌株SS-TB为材料,分析了菌核萌发的影响因素、致死温度以及土壤温度对菌核存活的影响。结果表明,未成熟菌核较成熟菌核更容易萌发;菌核萌发的最佳温度为20-25℃、pH为3.0-4.0、土壤含水量为20%-45%。菌核长时间浸泡水中对其存活不利,浸泡30d以后,存活率开始急剧下降,至47d时存活率为0。雪腐核盘菌菌核具有较强的耐高温特性,随着温度和处理时间的增加,菌核萌发率呈下降趋势。菌核在水浴中85℃ 5min、80℃ 10min、75℃ 10min、70℃ 30min、65℃ 120min、60℃ 180min时全部丧失活力。在土壤温度30℃和35℃处理5周、40℃和45℃处理4周时菌核全部失去活力。该研究结果为通过水旱轮作和土壤高温处理来防治西洋参菌核病提供了理论基础。     

20(R)-Ginsenoside Rf: A new ginsenoside from red ginseng extract

In spite of the general concept that herbal supplements are safe, there is a lack of appropriate quality control measures and regulations that often culminates in serious undesirable effects such as allergic reactions and renal and liver damage. Thus, there is a growing need to establish a suitable methodology that enables authentication and quality assurance of herbal products. The root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae), commonly called ginseng, is traditionally recognized as a prominent herbal medicine in Far East Asia. There are two types of processed ginseng, white and red ginseng, based on processing methods, and these play a significant role in modifying ginsenosides, which are the major bioactive metabolites in these products. Herein we purify and characterize a new ginsenoside, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rf, utilizing NMR, UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and validate the metabolite is generated from its epimer, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rf during the steaming process to manufacture red ginseng. We further propose a relevant mechanism for the chemical conversion. This finding updates chemical profiling of ginseng products that can be employed in quality assurance and authentication.     

Highly efficient production of diverse rare ginsenosides using combinatorial biotechnology

The rare ginsenosides are recognized as the functionalized molecules after the oral administration of Panax ginseng and its products. The sources of rare ginsenosides are extremely limited because of low ginsenoside contents in wild plants, hindering their application in functional foods and drugs. We developed an effective combinatorial biotechnology approach including tissue culture, immobilization, and hydrolyzation methods. Rh2 and nine other rare ginsenosides were produced by methyl jasmonate-induced culture of adventitious roots in a 10 L bioreactor associated with enzymatic hydrolysis using six β-glycosidases and their combination with yields ranging from 5.54 to 32.66 mg L⁻¹. The yield of Rh2 was furthermore increased by 7% by using immobilized BglPm and Bgp1 in optimized pH and temperature conditions, with the highest yield reaching 51.17 mg L⁻¹ (17.06% of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides mixture). Our combinatorial biotechnology method provides a highly efficient approach to acquiring diverse rare ginsenosides, replacing direct extraction from Panax plants, and can also be used to supplement yeast cell factories.