海湾型城市半城市化地区空间扩展演化——以厦门市为例

选择海湾型城市--厦门市半城市化地区为研究对象,基于研究区1987、1992、1997、2002和2007年5个时相的TM/ETM+遥感影像数据,在遥感与GIS技术支持下获取了近20a 来各期土地利用信息数据,采用景观格局转移矩阵、景观格局指数和分形理论等方法研究了厦门市半城市化地区城市化过程中的景观格局空间演变特征,详细分析了城市形态演变、城市围填海特征及政策影响.结果表明:20 a 年来厦门近郊建设用地从18.4 km2增加到108.4 km2,远郊则从35.7 km2增加到114.9 km2,分别增长为原来5.9倍和3.2倍;城市空间扩展过程通过不断侵蚀耕地、林地和大规模填海造地完成,其中耕地景观变化最大,城市扩展最高峰(2002～2007年)近郊与远郊被建设用地"蚕食"的耕地多达19.74 km2和33.11 km2;在城市空间不断扩展的过程中,近郊城市城市由不稳定形态逐步向稳定形态(填充增长)演化,但远郊形态格局尚处于以中心城市扩展为主体的时期;填海造地面积及其时空分布与政策因素密切相关,20 a来厦门半城市化地区海岸线缩短了14.3%,近郊与远郊海岸分维数分别从1.236和1.267降到1.191和1.262,岸线复杂性明显降低,逐步趋于平直;海湾型城市战略的提出对填海造地影响最为明显,2002～2007年期间填海进程明显加快,近郊与远郊分别填海13.32和9.15 km2,超越了前15 a 填海总面积.     

Molecular crowding affects diffusion and binding of nuclear proteins in heterochromatin and reveals the fractal organization of chromatin

The nucleus of eukaryotes is organized into functional compartments, the two most prominent being heterochromatin and nucleoli. These structures are highly enriched in DNA, proteins or RNA, and thus thought to be crowded. In vitro, molecular crowding induces volume exclusion, hinders diffusion and enhances association, but whether these effects are relevant in vivo remains unclear. Here, we establish that volume exclusion and diffusive hindrance occur in dense nuclear compartments by probing the diffusive behaviour of inert fluorescent tracers in living cells. We also demonstrate that chromatin‐interacting proteins remain transiently trapped in heterochromatin due to crowding induced enhanced affinity. The kinetic signatures of these crowding consequences allow us to derive a fractal model of chromatin organization, which explains why the dynamics of soluble nuclear proteins are affected independently of their size. This model further shows that the fractal architecture differs between heterochromatin and euchromatin, and predicts that chromatin proteins use different target‐search strategies in the two compartments. We propose that fractal crowding is a fundamental principle of nuclear organization, particularly of heterochromatin maintenance.     

基于分形理论下的沙漠植被适应性群团抽样技术

以乌兰布和沙漠的白刺沙丘为主要研究对象,采用分形理论将遥感数据和实际调查数据相结合的方法,进行了适应性群团抽样技术的研究。基于分形理论建立描述白刺沙丘周长和面积关系的线性回归方程,利用周长估计了白刺沙丘的面积,估计精度达89.8%。在沙丘面积估计值的基础上,进行了适应性群团抽样分析。研究结果表明：当适应性标准（每个样方内白刺沙丘的面积）等于50 m²时,即接近含有白刺沙丘的样方均值时,适应性群团抽样的估计精度最高达到97.9%,适应性群团抽样效率是简单随机抽样效率的5.56倍。这一研究为沙漠地区具有群团分布特点的植被提供更有效的调查方法。     

快速城市化地区生态质量退降的自组织临界性 ——以深圳市南山区为例

弄清快速城市化地区生态退降过程的机制,可以为相关景观动态模型建设和调控策略选择创造有利条件。借助于自组织临界性理论和方法,在基于多时段遥感影像数据的景观分类和生态质量制图结果支持下,以深圳市南山区为例进行了快速城市化地区生态质量退降的自组织临界性研究,以期揭示城市化过程与生态质量退降过程的响应关系和生态质量退降的过程特点。结果表明,工作区内建设用地扩张过程和生态质量退降过程均具有典型的自组织临界性特点;区域生态质量退降主要是由建设用地扩张导致3种不同生态质量区域之间发生的3种主要生态质量退降过程造成的;建设用地扩张和3种主要生态退降过程的动态分形指数都呈现出不断增加的趋势;具有自组织临界特征的建设用地扩张过程是同样具有白组织临界性特点的各种生态质量退降过程发生和发展的主要驱动力来源。     

Effects of wildfire and permafrost on soil organic matter and soil climate in interior Alaska

The influence of discontinuous permafrost on ground‐fuel storage, combustion losses, and postfire soil climates was examined after a wildfire near Delta Junction, AK in July 1999. At this site, we sampled soils from a four‐way site comparison of burning (burned and unburned) and permafrost (permafrost and nonpermafrost). Soil organic layers (which comprise ground‐fuel storage) were thicker in permafrost than nonpermafrost soils both in burned and unburned sites. While we expected fire severity to be greater in the drier site (without permafrost), combustion losses were not significantly different between the two burned sites. Overall, permafrost and burning had significant effects on physical soil variables. Most notably, unburned permafrost sites with the thickest organic mats consistently had the coldest temperatures and wettest mineral soil, while soils in the burned nonpermafrost sites were warmer and drier than the other soils. For every centimeter of organic mat thickness, temperature at 5 cm depth was about 0.5°C cooler during summer months. We propose that organic soil layers determine to a large extent the physical and thermal setting for variations in vegetation, decomposition, and carbon balance across these landscapes. In particular, the deep organic layers maintain the legacies of thermal and nutrient cycling governed by fire and revegetation. We further propose that the thermal influence of deep organic soil layers may be an underlying mechanism responsible for large regional patterns of burning and regrowth, detected in fractal analyses of burn frequency and area. Thus, fractal geometry can potentially be used to analyze changes in state of these fire prone systems.     

Fractal geometry and root system structures of heterogeneous plant communities

Above-ground plant growth is widely known in terms of structural diversity. Likewise, the below-ground growth presents a mosaic of heterogeneous structures of differing complexity. In this study, root system structures of heterogeneous plant communities were recorded as integral systems by using the trench profile method. Fractal dimensions of the root images were calculated from image files by the box-counting method. This method allows the structural complexity of such associations to be compared between plant communities, with regard to their potentials for soil resource acquisition and utilization. Distinct and partly significant differences are found (fractal dimension between 1.46±0.09 and 1.71±0.05) in the below-ground structural complexity of plant communities, belonging to different biotope types. The size of the heterogeneous plant community to be examined has an crucial influence on the fractal dimension of the root system structures. The structural heterogeneity becomes particularly evident (fractal dimensions between 1.32 and 1.77) when analysing many small units of a complex root system association. In larger plant communities, a broad variety of below-ground structures is recorded in its entirety, integrating the specific features of single sub-structures. In that way, extreme fractal dimensions are lost and the diversity decreases. Therefore, the analysis of larger units of root system associations provides a general knowledge of the complexity of root system structures for heterogeneous plant communities.     

A single-cell model to study changes in neuronal fractal dimension

Many methods have been developed to quantify neuronal morphology: measurement of neurite length, neurite number, etc. However, none of these approaches provides a comprehensive view of the complexity of neuronal morphology. In this work we have analyzed the evaluation of fractal dimension (D) as a tool to represent and quantify changes in complexity of the dendritic arbor, in in vitro cultures grown under low-density conditions. Neurons grown in isolation developed a bipolar morphology corresponding to a fractal dimension close to the unit. The analysis showed that neuronal complexity increased when cells were incubated with a depolarizing potassium concentration and there was a correlation with an increase in fractal dimension (D5 mM KCl = 1.08 +/- 0.01, D25 mM KCl =1.25 +/- 0.01). We conclude that fractal dimension is a suitable parameter to quantify changes in neuronal morphological complexity.     

Dielectric response of some biological tissues

The dielectric properties of two freshly excised mice tissue samples (kidney, skeletal muscle) and also freshly excised Ehrlich solid tumor were measured in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 100 kHz using RLC bridges. The data were fitted to a summation of multiple Cole-Cole dispersion and also to the constant power law which is related formally to the fractal geometries of tissues using a genetic algorithm for optimization developed by the author. The data were in good agreement with the Cole-Cole equation for the three samples.     

恢复演替中草地斑块动态及尺度转换分析

研究了９ａ草地恢复油潜系列中斑块边界形状和斑块面积分布动态,并进行了凡度转换分析。獐茅斑块的边界分维数和斑块化指数最高,羊草斑块的较低,碱蓬斑块的斑块化指数略小于羊草斑块,边界分维数大于洋草斑块。共他类型斑块的两种指数基本上介于獐茅斑块之间,斑块化指数的年限变动滞后于斑块边界分维数,斑块边发维数在整个试验的尺度范围内符合同一自相似规律,斑块的面积分布格局在不同的尺度上有不同的自相似规律。     

樟子松人工林树冠结构的分形分析

基于樟子松人工林7块固定标准地中的31株解析木的树冠体积和叶量,以幂函数关系(F=Av^(D/3))建立了预估树冠表面积的分形维数。同时根据生物量实测数据,建立预估叶量的生物模型Lw=0.180397D^3045903H^-1.67348。基于枝解析、树干解析数据,动态地预估了一年、二年、三年前的树冠体积,并结合树冠体积、叶量的这种幂函数关系可以动态地预估一年、二年、三年前树冠表面积的分形维数,从而反映出树冠结构的动态变化规律。为了了解不同分级样木的分维数变化情况,利用2003年调查的4块生物量标准地数据,根据单株树木各个枝条占据的空间体积与该枝条的带叶枝干重的关系,计算了各标准地不同分级样木树冠的分维数。为探讨单株样木树冠的分维数的计算提供了一种可行方法。树冠的分维数作为表征树冠的动态生长变化是一有用和可靠的指标。