In Vitro Organogenetic Responses of Gloriosa superba

An efficient protocol was developed for regeneration of healthy plant derived from six categories of explants from both in vivo and in vitro raised plants, viz. roots, corm buds (dormant and nondormant), young leaves, stems, pedicels, and shoot tips from aerial shoots. MS medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of auxin, cytokinin, and organic acids was used. 98% of callus induction occurred in nondormant corm bud explants. The greatest number of multiple shoots (57) was observed in corm-derived calluses. Vigorous root formation occurred in all cases when multiple shoots were derived. Histomorphogenetic studies revealed that not only the origin of shoot and root buds in in vitro systems, but the morphology and structure of leaves resemble those of in vivo plants too.     

Seasonal Variation of δ^13C of Four Tree Species： A Biological Integrator of Environmental Variables

Foliar δ^13C values, an indicator of long-term intercellular carbon dioxide concentration and, thus, of long-term water use efficiency （WUE） in plants, were measured for Pinus massoniana Lamb., P. elliottii Engelm., Cunninghamia laceolata （Lamb.） Hook., and Schima superba Gardn. et Champ. in a restored forest ecosystem in the Jiazhu River Basin. Seasonal variation and the relationship between the foliar δ^13C values of the four species and environmental factors （monthly total precipitation, monthly average air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and monthly total solar radiation and evaporation） were investigated. The monthly δ^13C values and WUE of the four species increased with increasing precipitation, air temperature, solar radiation, and evaporation, whereas δ^13C values of the four species decreased with increasing relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. Despite significant differences in δ^13C seasonal means for the four species, our results demonstrate a significant convergence in the responses of δ^13C values and WUE to seasonal variations in environmental factors among the species investigated and that the δ^13C signature for each species gives a strong indication of environmental variables.     

Growth of Arthrobotrys superba from a birch wood resource base into soil determined by radioactive tracing

The ability of a nematode-trapping fungus to establish in field soil is an important characteristic when considering its use as a biological control agent. The outgrowth of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys superba from wood was recorded by labelling the fungus with [(14)C]3-O-methylglucose and [(32)P]orthophosphoric acid and by using the soil sprinkling method. The fungus reached a distance of 7-8 cm during 25 days in heat-treated (60 degrees C) soil, detected by either radioactive tracing or the soil sprinkling technique. The two labelled compounds were co-distributed at all sampling times (r(2)=0.946) which indicates that the glucose pool (as methylglucose) and phosphorus content were correlated throughout the mycelium. In natural, non-heat-treated soil the fungus reached a distance of 1.5 cm from one disc of birch wood after 30 days, while it reached 3.2 cm during the same period when the food base was a pile of five inoculated discs. The experiments showed, for the first time, that a nematophagous fungus, A. superba, can grow out into soil from a piece of wood and supported by nutrients translocated from the resource base to the edge of the mycelium.     

Aspects of Scotia Sea zooplankton

Information on small scale distributions of three species of Antarctic zooplankton is reviewed. Aggregations of the euphausiid Euphausia superba , the tunicate Salpa thompsoni , and the amphipod Parathemisto gaudichaudii are compared, and the manner in which such aggregations mav arise is discussed. A possible relationship between swarming and feeding activity in E. superba is suggested in which krill are thought to be dispersed whilst feeding but that on repletion they swarm. It is thought that this may account for this species' irregular spatial distribution as recorded bv previous expeditions. A further consequence of this theory is that during the Winter swarming will be minimal.     

提高CO2浓度对两种亚热带树苗光合作用的影响

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的主要优势乔木树种裂壳锥（Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓｆｉｓｓａ （Ｃｈａｍ ｐ．ｅｘ Ｂｅｎｔｈ．） Ｒｅｈｄ．ｅｔＷｉｌｓ．）和荷木（Ｓｃｈｉｍ ａ ｓｕｐｅｒｂａ Ｇａｒｄｎ．ｅｔＣｈａｍ ｐ．）幼苗,盆栽于自然条件（ＣＯ２ 浓度３５０ μＬ·Ｌ－ １）或高ＣＯ２ 浓度为５００ μＬ·Ｌ－ １和空气ＣＯ２（３５０ μＬ·Ｌ－ １）的半开顶式气罩中。在生长最旺盛的６～９ 月份,高浓度ＣＯ２ 条件下生长的叶片,其光合速率比在自然条件下生长的提高７９％ ～９５％ 。当叶片在３５０ μＬ·Ｌ－ １和５００ μＬ·Ｌ－ １的ＣＯ２ 浓度下测定时,其光合速率无明显差异。高浓度ＣＯ２ 下生长的叶片其光合速率－ＣＯ２ 浓度响应曲线比对照（３５０ μＬ·Ｌ－ １）高,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量低,但叶绿素ａ 和ｂ 的比值及类胡萝卜素和叶绿素的比值不变。高浓度ＣＯ２ 下生长的叶片气孔导度明显降低。两种植物在８５ ｄ 的高浓度ＣＯ２ 的生长过程中,并未出现光合速率下调现象     

盆栽荷木、肖蒲桃和黄果厚壳桂幼苗对土壤温室气体排放影响的培育实验研究

通过对土壤65d的室内培养,比较研究了种上荷木、肖蒲桃和黄果厚壳桂幼苗并受模拟酸雨淋洗42月的盆栽土壤温室气体CO2、CH4、N2O排放的差异。结果发现,种植肖蒲桃的土壤CO2排放显著大于种植荷木和黄果厚壳桂的土壤,种植肖蒲桃和黄果厚壳桂的土壤CH4吸收显著大于种植荷木的土壤,而树种对土壤N2O的排放影响不明显。分析表明,土壤CO2的排放和对CH4的吸收的树种间差异并不完全由树种导致的土壤碳氮性质差异引起的,而导致树种对N2O的排放无差异的原因则很复杂。     

不同树高对荷木液流密度、整树蒸腾量和时滞的效应

人工林面积不断增大,这不仅能解决由于森林砍伐引起的一系列社会问题,而且还对解决水土保持、二氧化碳减排等环境问题起到重要作用。了解人工林的生长特性和蒸腾效率,对植被生长、恢复和管理有着重要意义。为此,该研究连续监测了华南地区12棵不同高度荷木人工林的液流密度,对样树以高度划分等级,采取错位相关法分析不同高度等级胸高处液流与冠层蒸腾的时滞效应。结果表明:气候环境相同时,所有样树胸高处液流日格型相似;荷木林蒸腾量优势木中间木劣势木,所有树木湿季月蒸腾量大于干季月蒸腾量;不同高度等级之间时滞差异显著,劣势木时滞50min,优势木和中间木时滞20min;所有样树干湿季时滞差异不显著,同一高度级两季节时滞差少于10min。这些说明:在干季华南地区土壤水分仍然相对较充足,植物输水阻力没有受到土壤水分降低和长距离水分传导的影响;中间木和优势木时滞短,水力阻力小,蒸腾量大并占据着林段的有利资源;劣势木长势低矮,时滞长,导管阻力大,蒸腾量少,光合作用需要的水热资源少,所以回馈根部的营养物质少,不均衡的营养循环使得林段分化愈明显,劣势木将逐渐从林段中被淘汰。该文指出在荷木人工林生长后期,对于长势低矮,生命力极弱的劣势木应定期砍伐,这样能增加优势木和中间木对光照及水分等有利资源的分配,提高林分质量,增加林地生产力。     

基于树干液流和土壤-叶片水势梯度分析荷木干湿季整树水分利用特征

运用Granier热消散探针连续监测荷木的树干液流,于2009年的湿季(8月)和干季(11月)选择天气晴朗的3d测定叶片水势,同步连续监测林冠上方光合有效辐射、土壤含水量、气温和空气相对湿度.结果表明:干湿季下荷木树干液流存在显著差异,此外,土壤水势和液流有较好的相关性,且干季时的相关性更好;荷木的叶面积/边材面积比值平均为(0.416±0.033)m2·cm-2,并与树高呈指数函数下降关系;随着11月土壤水势下降,荷木的整树水力导度和午间叶片水势也有所下降,但不明显;对叶片水势和整树蒸腾进行回归分析,二者之间呈二次多项式关系(P＜0.01),叶片水势并非无限制下降;结果还表明,大气水汽压亏缺(D)和叶片水势呈负相关,这是否空气温度和相对湿度或共同作用影响叶片水势,需要进一步研究.     

增施氮磷肥对木荷林凋落物生产量及其养分的影响

以浙江天童常绿阔叶林木荷群落为对象,2011年研究了不同施氮磷肥水平下凋落物生产量和养分动态特征.结果表明: 增施氮磷肥处理后,木荷群落凋落物的年生产量在6.82～8.30 t·hm^-2·a^-1,呈“三峰型”季节动态模式;凋落物年平均氮含量(P处理除外)和年平均磷含量增加;凋落物氮磷含量季节动态发生改变,而对凋落物氮年归还量(60.05～7147 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)和磷年归还量(2.94～3.93 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)没有显著影响.与对照相比,试验初期(2011年春季)各施肥处理下的凋落叶氮磷比普遍较高,而2011年冬季较低,说明长期施加氮磷肥可能改变森林生态系统原有的氮磷限制状况.