全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7956篇 |
免费 | 408篇 |
国内免费 | 436篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 81篇 |
2022年 | 106篇 |
2021年 | 180篇 |
2020年 | 172篇 |
2019年 | 226篇 |
2018年 | 214篇 |
2017年 | 169篇 |
2016年 | 207篇 |
2015年 | 246篇 |
2014年 | 477篇 |
2013年 | 651篇 |
2012年 | 401篇 |
2011年 | 477篇 |
2010年 | 362篇 |
2009年 | 401篇 |
2008年 | 439篇 |
2007年 | 435篇 |
2006年 | 390篇 |
2005年 | 367篇 |
2004年 | 338篇 |
2003年 | 296篇 |
2002年 | 249篇 |
2001年 | 175篇 |
2000年 | 127篇 |
1999年 | 136篇 |
1998年 | 134篇 |
1997年 | 111篇 |
1996年 | 71篇 |
1995年 | 70篇 |
1994年 | 79篇 |
1993年 | 64篇 |
1992年 | 54篇 |
1991年 | 59篇 |
1990年 | 55篇 |
1989年 | 45篇 |
1988年 | 38篇 |
1987年 | 33篇 |
1986年 | 48篇 |
1985年 | 66篇 |
1984年 | 93篇 |
1983年 | 73篇 |
1982年 | 75篇 |
1981年 | 52篇 |
1980年 | 59篇 |
1979年 | 46篇 |
1978年 | 34篇 |
1977年 | 24篇 |
1976年 | 28篇 |
1975年 | 24篇 |
1974年 | 21篇 |
排序方式: 共有8800条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
81.
Bruno Mies Maria Soledad Jiménez Domingo Morales 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》1996,202(1-2):27-36
The leafless spurgeEuphorbia aphylla (Euphorbiaceae), an endemic species restricted to several of the Canary Islands where it inhabits coastal and arid localities, expresses Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) when it is subjected to summer drought. A flexible CAM is consistent with the general ecology of the species. It is the only member of sect.Tirucalli native to the Canary Islands and is at the north-western edge of the section's biogeographical range. The other members of the section have a paleotropic distribution and are found throughout Africa. Many of them are regarded as obligate CAM plants, includingE. tirucalli which was used as a comparison in ecophysiological experiments examining the response ofE. aphylla to drought and temperature. 相似文献
82.
J.Michael Conlon Nicolas Chartrel Jerome Leprince Charles Suaudeau Jean Costentin Hubert Vaudry 《Peptides》1996,17(8):1291-1296
A peptide derived from the posttranslational processing of proenkephalin A was isolated from an extract of the brain of the European green frog Rana ridibunda and its primary structure established as: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Arg-Val-Gly-Arg10-Pro-Glu-Trp-Trp-Gln-Asp-Tyr-Gln-Lys-Arg20-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met. The structure was confirmed by chemical synthesis. The peptide represents an amphibian equivalent of bovine adrenal peptide E [preproenkephalin A (206–230)-peptide] but the sequence contains two amino acid substitutions (Met15 → Gln and Leu25 → Met) compared with the mammalian peptide. The data support previous hypotheses that the Leu-enkephalin sequence is not present in preproenkephalin A of amphibians. Intracerebroventricular injections of frog peptide E (10 and 100 ng) in mice had no significant effect on horizontal locomotor activity. The peptide, in doses up to 1 μg, had no effect on latency of escape jumping in the hot plate test and the peptide (100 ng) did not modify responses (paw licking, rearing, and escape jumping) in morphine-treated mice. 相似文献
83.
Stanislav D. Zakharov Xia Li Taya P. Red'ko Richard A. Dilley 《Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes》1996,28(6):483-494
The 8-kDa subunit c of theE. coli F0 ATP-synthase proton channel was tested for Ca++ binding activity using a45Ca++ ligand blot assay after transferring the protein from SDS-PAGE gels onto polyvinyl difluoride membranes. The purified subunit c binds45Ca++ strongly with Ca++ binding properties very similar to those of the 8-kDa CF0 subunit III of choloroplast thylakoid membranes. The N-terminal f-Met carbonyl group seems necessary for Ca++ binding capacity, shown by loss of Ca++ binding following removal of the formyl group by mild acid treatment. The dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-reactive Asp-61 is not involved in the Ca++ binding, shown by Ca++ binding being retained in twoE. coli mutants, Asp61Asn and Asp61Gly. The Ca++ binding is pH dependent in both theE. coli and thylakoid 8-kDa proteins, being absent at pH 5.0 and rising to a maximum near pH 9.0. A treatment predicted to increase the Ca++ binding affinity to its F0 binding site (chlorpromazine photoaffinity attachment) caused an inhibition of ATP formation driven by a base-to-acid pH jump in whole cells. Inhibition was not observed when the Ca++ chelator EGTA was present with the cells during the chlorpromazine photoaffinity treatment. An apparent Ca++ binding constant on the site responsible for the UV plus chlorpromazine effect of near 80–100 nM was obtained using an EGTA-Ca++ buffer system to control free Ca++ concentration during the UV plus chlorpromazine treatment. The data are consistent with the notion that Ca++ bound to the periplasimic side of theE. coli F0 proton channel can block H+ entry into the channel. A similar effect occurs in thylakoid membranes, but the Ca++ binding site is on the lumen side of the thylakoid, where Ca++ binding can modulate acid-base jump ATP formation. The Ca++ binding to the F0 and CF0 complexes is consistent with a pH-dependent gating mechanism for control of H+ ion flux across the opening of the H+ channel.This work was supported in part by grants from the Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.On leave from the Institute of Soil Science and Photosynthesis, Russian Academy of Science, Pushchino, Russia. 相似文献
84.
Shinichiro Nakamura Wijit Kiatipattanasakul Hiroyuki Nakayama Fumiko Ono Ippei Sakakibara Yasuhiro Yoshikawa Naoaki Goto Kunio Doi 《Journal of medical primatology》1996,25(4):294-300
Abstract: In this study, we immunohistochemically examined the several constituents of senile plaques (SPs) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in aged cynomolgus monkeys. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) deposited in all mature plaques and CAA, and in half of the diffuse plaques. Alpha-1-antichymotripsin (αACT) deposited in half of the mature plaques and in one third of the CAA. Amyloid precursor protein (APP), ubiquitin (Ub), and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) accumulated in the swollen neurites of mature plaques. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was detected in the astrocytes and their processes surrounding the mature plaques. Tau was detected in neither the SPs nor CAA. Therefore, mature plaques involved extracellular Aβ, apoE, and αACT, and also astrocytes and swollen neurites. However, diffuse plaques involved only extracellular Aβ and apoE. Since these features, except for tau, were consistent with those in humans, this animal model will be useful for studying the pathogenesis of cerebral amyloid deposition. 相似文献
85.
Some novel transcription attenuation mechanisms used by bacteria 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
86.
Caridad Rojas Susana Cadenas Mónica López-Torres Rosa Pérez-Campo Gustavo Barja 《Free radical biology & medicine》1996,21(7):907-915
Dietary treatment with three diets differing in vitamin E, Low E (15 mg of vitamin E/kg diet), Medium E (150 mg/kg), or High E (1,500 mg/kg), resulted in guinea pigs with low (but nondeficient), intermediate, or high heart a-tocopherol concentration. Neither the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and reductase, nor the nonenzymatic antioxidants, GSH, ascorbate, and uric acid were homeostatically depressed by increases in heart a-tocopherol. Protection from both enzymatic (NADPH dependent) and nonenzymatic (ascorbate-Fe2+) lipid peroxidation was strongly increased by vitamin E supplementation from Low to Medium E Whereas no additional gain was obtained from the Medium E to the High E group. The GSH/GSSG and GSH/total glutathione ratios increased as a function of the vitamin E dietary concentration closely resembling the shape of the dependence of heart a-tocopherol on dietary vitamin E. The results show the capacity of dietary vitamin E to increase the global antioxidant capacity of the heart and to improve the heart redox status in both the lipid and water-soluble compartments. This capacity occurred at levels six times higher than the minimum daily requirement of vitamin E, even in the presence of optimum dietary vitamin C concentrations and basal unstressed conditions. The need for vitamin E dietary supplementation seems specially important in this tissue due to the low constitutive levels of endogenous enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants present of the mammalian heart in comparison with those of other internal organs. 相似文献
87.
WhileEscherichia coli is common as a commensal organism in the distal ileum and colon, the presence of colonization factors (CF) on pathogenic strains ofE. coli facilitates attachment of the organism to intestinal receptor molecules in a species- and tissue-specific fashion. After the initial adherence, colonization occurs, and the involvement of additional virulence determinants leads to illness. EnterotoxigenicE. coli (ETEC) is the most extensively studied of the five categories ofE. coli that cause diarrheal disease, and has the greatest impact on health worldwide. ETEC can be isolated from domestic animals and humans. The biochemistry, genetics, epidemiology, antigenic characteristics, and cell and receptor binding properties of ETEC have been extensively described. Another major category, enteropathogenicE. coli (EPEC), has virulence mechanisms, primarily effacement and cytoskeletal rearrangement of intestinal brush borders, that are distinct from ETEC. An EPEC CF receptor has been purified and characterized as a sialidated transmembrane glycoprotein complex directly attached to actin, thereby associating CF-binding with host-cell response. Three, additional categories ofE. coli diarrheal disease, their colonization factors and their host cell receptors are discussed. It appears that biofilms exist in the intestine in a manner similar to oral bacterial biofilms, and thatE. coli is part of these biofilms as both commensals and pathogens.Abbreviations CF
colonization factor
- CFA
Colonization Factor Antigen
- CS
coli-surface-associated antigen
- EAggEC
enteroaggregativeE. coli
- ECDD
E. coli diarrheal disease
- EHEC
enterohemorrhagicE. coli
- EIEC
enteroinvasiveE. coli
- EPEC
enteropathogenicE. coli
- ETEC
enterotoxigenicE. coli
- Gal
galactose
- GalNAc
N-acetyl galactosamine
- LT
heat-labile toxin
- NeuAc
N-acetyl neuraminic acid
- PCF
Putative colonization factor
- RBC
red blood cells
- SLT
Shiga-like toxin
- ST
heat-stable toxin 相似文献
88.
本实验室已得到的亮氨酰-tRNA合成酶(LeuRS)基因,与文献相比,67位氨基酸残基由His变为Arg,此酶被定名为LeuRS67R。我们从该基因与pUC19重组质粒的大肠杆菌TG1转化子TG1-91中得到LeuRS的高表达,粗抽液中LeuRS的表达量在转化子中比在宿主菌TG1中高20倍以上。用三步拉层析得到电泳一条带的酶,其比活为1789单位/毫克。测定其动力学常数,氨酰化活力对Leu、ATP的Km值分别为0.027mmol/L、0.47mmol/L,Kcat值分别为3.5~5.1s-1。ATP-PPi交换活力对Leu、ATP的Km值分别为0.03mmol/L、1.0mmol/L,Lcat值分别为140~155s-1。此结果与从野生型大肠杆菌K-12中提纯的LeuRS的动力学常数差别很小,67位氨基酸残基在与活性中心无直接关系的域可能是大肠杆菌的种间差异。 相似文献
89.
本文从含ArgRS306KR基因args306KR的pUC18重组质粒的大肠杆菌TG1转化子中经DEAE-Sephacel和Blue-Sepharose两步柱层析,得到电泳一条带的ArgRS306KR。纯酶的比活为2790单位/毫克。该酶氨酰化和ATP~PPi交换活力的最适pH分别为pH8.3和pH7.5。氨酰化活力对ATP、Arg和tRNA的Km分别为2.6mmol/L、14.0μmol/L和5.0μmol/L:Vmax为7630单位/毫克;koat为9S-1。ATP~PPi交换活力对ATP和Arg的Km分别为8.3mmol/L和99μmol/L;Vmax为16320单位/毫克;kcat为18S-1。 相似文献
90.
戊肝病毒活性肽的选择,合成与应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
对戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)编码蛋白序列进行了亲水性分析及二级结构预测,选择亲水性强、具有β-转角与β-折叠的区段,采用多肽固相合成法合成了HEV基因组3个开读框架(ORF1,ORF2和ORF3)中可能的抗原表位,以免疫学方法进行鉴定并选出了分别来自HEV3个ORF的、具有重要生物活性与应用前景的3段肽(EH174、EH265、EH362)。在此基础上,进行了抗HEVELISA新型检测试剂盒的实验室研究及临床试用。结果表明,所研究的戊肝抗体检测试剂盒特异性高、临床符合性好、具有可重复性,在戊肝辅助诊断及流行病学调查中具有重要意义。 相似文献