全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3603篇 |
免费 | 346篇 |
国内免费 | 190篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 17篇 |
2023年 | 53篇 |
2022年 | 72篇 |
2021年 | 100篇 |
2020年 | 174篇 |
2019年 | 207篇 |
2018年 | 179篇 |
2017年 | 189篇 |
2016年 | 179篇 |
2015年 | 155篇 |
2014年 | 216篇 |
2013年 | 309篇 |
2012年 | 123篇 |
2011年 | 217篇 |
2010年 | 157篇 |
2009年 | 181篇 |
2008年 | 161篇 |
2007年 | 160篇 |
2006年 | 158篇 |
2005年 | 146篇 |
2004年 | 90篇 |
2003年 | 92篇 |
2002年 | 84篇 |
2001年 | 78篇 |
2000年 | 40篇 |
1999年 | 48篇 |
1998年 | 44篇 |
1997年 | 45篇 |
1996年 | 23篇 |
1995年 | 25篇 |
1994年 | 27篇 |
1993年 | 31篇 |
1992年 | 35篇 |
1991年 | 17篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 16篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 33篇 |
1984年 | 71篇 |
1983年 | 37篇 |
1982年 | 38篇 |
1981年 | 22篇 |
1980年 | 17篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有4139条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
51.
Lack of association of bovine MHC class I alleles with carcass and reproductive traits 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The present study was carried out to examine whether a relationship between bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLA) class I alleles and carcass traits or reproductive performance exists in Braunvieh and Fleckvieh A1 (artificial insemination) bulls. The influence of BoLA class I (BOLA-A) alleles on deregressed breeding values for net growth rate, carcass index and thigh volume was assessed in Braunvieh crosses and Fleckvieh bulls with a gene substitution model. The reproductive traits: non-return rate and interval between first and last insemination of daughters (female fertility), as well as non-return rate of inseminated cows (male fertility), were only investigated in Fleckvieh animals. No influence of the BOLA-A region on the traits evaluated could be demonstrated. An improper, i.e. less restrictive analysis would have led to spurious results. 相似文献
52.
To study the physiological role of the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine (CK/PCr) system in cells and tissues with a high and fluctuating energy demand we have concentrated on the site-directed inactivation of the B- and M-CK genes encoding the cytosolic CK protein subunits. In our approach we used homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells from strain 129/Sv. Using targeting constructs based on strain 129/Sv isogenic DNA we managed to ablate the essential exons of the B-CK and M-CK genes at reasonably high frequencies. ES clones with fully disrupted B-CK and two types of M-CK gene mutations, a null (M-CK–) and leaky (M-CK1) mutation, were used to generate chimaeric mutant mice via injection in strain C57BL/6 derived blastocysts. Chimaeras with the B-CK null mutation have no overt abnormalities but failed to transmit the mutation to their offspring. For the M-CK– and M-CK1 mutations successful transmission was achieved and heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice were bred. Animals deficient in MM-CK are phenotypically normal but lack muscular burst activity. Fluxes through the CK reaction in skeletal muscle are highly impaired and fast fibres show adaptation in cellular architecture and storage of glycogen. Mice homozygous for the leaky M-CK allele, which have 3-fold reduced MM-CK activity, show normal fast fibres but CK fluxes and burst activity are still not restored to wildtype levels. 相似文献
53.
Evolutionary constraints on the ability of herbivores to efficiently use a set of phytochemically similar hosts, while maintaining
a high performance on phytochemically different hosts, are central in explaining the predominance of host specialization in
phytophagous insects. Such feeding trade-offs could be manifested within insect populations as negative genetic correlations
in fitness on different host species. We tested the hypothesis that feeding trade-offs were present within a population of
the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). Components of fitness were measured in families originating from an apple orchard that were fed on four host-plant
species in the laboratory. Under the conditions of this experiment, all across-host genetic correlations were strongly positive,
suggesting that this population comprised true generalists. With the exception of diapausing propensity, the heritability
of the fitness components tended to be lower in caterpillars fed on apple leaves than in insects fed other hosts. This suggests
a constraint on the selective response of the fitness components in the orchard environment. 相似文献
54.
To determine the effects of soil phosphorus on pollen production, pollen grain size, phosphate concentration per pollen grain, and the siring ability of pollen, two cultivars of the common zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) were grown under two soil phosphorus conditions in an experimental garden. Overall, soil phosphorus availability had a significant effect on reproductive output through the female function and on traits affecting the male function of plants (staminate flower production, pollen production per flower, and pollen grain size). In addition, pollen produced by plants in the high phosphorus soils had a higher phosphate concentration than pollen produced by plants in the low phosphorus soils. A pollen mixture experiment revealed that pollen produced by plants in the high phosphorus treatment sired significantly more seeds than pollen produced by plants in the low phosphorus treatment. This study showed that growing conditions such as soil phosphorus can influence the size of a pollen grain and its chemical composition, which, in turn, can affect its ability to sire mature seeds. 相似文献
55.
It is now generally recognized that clutch size affects morethan offspring number. In particular, clutch size affects asuite of traits associated with offspring reproductive performance.Optimal clutch size is therefore determined not by the numericallymost productive clutch but by the clutch that maximizes collectiveoffspring reproductive success. Calculation of optimal clutchsize thus requires a consideration of ecological factors operatingduring an intergenerational time frame, spanning the lifetimeof the egglaying adult and the lifetimes of her offspring. Theoptimal clutch cannot define reproductive values in advance,but instead requires that the strategy chosen is the best responseto the set of reproductive values that it itself generates.In this article, we introduce methods for solving this problem,based on an iterative solution of the equation characterizingexpected lifetime reproductive success. We begin by consideringa semelparous organism, in which case lifetime reproductivesuccess is a function only of the state of the organism. Foran iteroparous organism, lifetime reproductive success dependsupon both state and time, so that our methods extend the usualstochastic dynamic programming approach to the evaluation oflifetime reproductive success. The methods are intuitive andeasily used. We consider both semelparous and iteroparous organisms,stable and varying environments, and describe how our methodscan be employed empirically. 相似文献
56.
57.
The aim of the present study was to separate and characterise products formed by oxidation of uric acid by hydroxyl radicals with a view to probing for these products in vivo in clinical contexts. Aerated solutions of 200 μM uric acid, or its oxidation products, allantoin or parabanic acid, were exposed to gamma radiolysis, (52.0 Gy/min), as a source of HO- radicals, at pH 3.4 and 7.4. Aliquots were taken every 5 minutes for 20 minutes and oxidation products were separated by HPLC and analysed with a diode array detector. Identities of oxidation products were confirmed on the basis of similarity of retention times and absorbance spectra and peak purity parameters of known standards. Hydroperoxides were measured by tri-iodide formation in the 20 minute sample. Exposure of uric acid to such HO fluxes produced a net loss of the parent compound with formation of a complex mixture of products with allantoin and parabanic acid being the predominant products at pH 3.4. The rate of uric acid degradation at physiological pH was slower and the distribution of oxidation products was different. A small but significant amount of uric acid hydroperoxide was detected at both pHs. A mechanism for uric acid oxidation under these conditions is presented. 相似文献
58.
Mohd Imran Shahzad Ahmed Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah Jabir Hakami Anis Ahmad Chaudhary Hassan Ahmad Rudayni Salah-Ud-Din Khan Afzal Khan Nosiba Suliman Basher 《Luminescence》2023,38(7):1064-1086
The penicillin derivative amoxicillin (AMX) plays an important role in treating various types of infections caused by bacteria. However, excessive use of AMX may have negative health effects. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to detect and quantify the AMX in pharmaceutical drugs, biological fluids, and environmental samples with high sensitivity. Therefore, this review article provides valuable and up-to-date information on nanostructured material-based optical and electrochemical sensors to detect AMX in various biological and chemical samples. The role of using different nanostructured materials on the performance of important optical sensors such as colorimetric sensors, fluorescence sensors, surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensors, chemiluminescence/electroluminescence sensors, optical immunosensors, optical fibre-based sensors, and several important electrochemical sensors based on different electrode types have been discussed. Moreover, nanocomposites, polymer, and MXenes-based electrochemical sensors have also been discussed, in which such materials are being used to further enhance the sensitivity of these sensors. Furthermore, nanocomposite-based photo-electrochemical sensors and the market availability of biosensors including AMX have also been discussed briefly. Finally, the conclusion, challenges, and future perspectives of the above-mentioned sensing techniques for AMX detection are presented. 相似文献
59.
H. H. Felle 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》1993,106(1):5-12
The exact ion gradients across cellular membranes and their changes due to metabolic or transport processes can be best studied with the use of ion-selective microelectrodes. The last decade of research using ion-selective microelectrodes in intact cells has proven this technique to be indispensable for the investigation of a variety of physiological questions of regulatory processes, membrane transport, cellular signalling, developmental biology and plant nutrition. Their application to selected problems has led to numerous exciting observations, many of which have changed our view concerning cellular responses to environmental stimuli and in many instances have led to a new understanding of plant cell physiology. Since, with these electrodes, intracellular as well as extracellular free ion concentrations can be simultaneously detected with electrical transport parameters such as membrane potential and membrane conductance, they can be powerful tools in the hands of many plant cell biologists. 相似文献
60.
Niraj Shrestha Pallavi Chaturvedi Xiaoyun Zhu Michael J. Dee Varghese George Christopher Janney Jack O. Egan Bai Liu Mark Foster Lynne Marsala Pamela Wong Celia C. Cubitt Jennifer A. Foltz Jennifer Tran Timothy Schappe Karin Hsiao Gilles M. Leclerc Lijing You Christian Echeverri Catherine Spanoudis Ana Carvalho Leah Kanakaraj Crystal Gilkes Nicole Encalada Lin Kong Meng Wang Byron Fang Zheng Wang Jin-an Jiao Gabriela J. Muniz Emily K. Jeng Nicole Valdivieso Liying Li Richard Deth Melissa M. Berrien-Elliott Todd A. Fehniger Peter R. Rhode Hing C. Wong 《Aging cell》2023,22(5):e13806