地表处理方式对日光温室辣椒水分利用效率及土壤硝态氮、速效磷分布的影响

研究了不同地表处理方式对日光温室辣椒水分利用效率及土壤氮磷分布的影响.结果表明:地表覆盖秸秆 地膜处理的辣椒产量水分利用效率和经济水分利用效率最高,分别达33·04kg·m-3和50·22元·m-3;其次是地表覆盖地膜处理,分别达18·81kg·m-3和28·57元·m-3.不同地表处理方式对0～20cm土壤的硝态氮含量有显著影响,地表覆盖秸秆和覆盖秸秆 地膜处理,分别为31·98mg·kg-1和31·96mg·kg-1,小于对照处理(50·33mg·kg-1);地表覆盖地膜和使用保水剂处理的硝态氮含量较低.与对照相比,各处理辣椒对氮肥的利用均有所增加,耕层硝态氮积累减少.在0～20cm耕层内,地表覆盖地膜处理的速效磷含量最低,为0·72mg·kg-1,其次是地表覆盖秸秆 地膜处理,为0·92mg·kg-1.地表覆盖秸秆 地膜和地表覆盖地膜处理增加了当季作物对肥料的利用率,减少了肥料的损失,提高了产量.     

黄土旱塬冬小麦返青期断根对根冠比、水分利用及产量的影响

采用适当的农艺措施来影响根系生长以提高作物水分利用效率是节水农业研究的一项重要内容。通过田间试验研究了旱作冬小麦‘长武135’(Triticum aestivum cv. Changwu135)返青期切断部分侧生根对根冠比、水分利用效率及产量的影响。与不断根处理相比,冬小麦切断部分侧根后,极显著地减少了表层的根量,花期时断根和不断根小麦在0~20 cm土层根量分别249.70和307.52 g·m^-2,100 cm以上总根量分别为305.53和368.73 g·m^-2。断根比不断根处理根呼吸速率下降了25.57%。断根也抑制了小麦的群体数量,断根和不断根处理单位面积的穗数分别为590.33和646.33 m^-2,但断根显著增加了千粒重,断根和不断根分别为45.99和41.47 g,收获指数也有一定提高。断根对籽粒产量没有显著影响,但断根后土壤含水量显著增加,水分消耗减少。以生物量计算的水分利用效率和以产量计算的水分利用效率分别提高了32.52%和29.98%。因此,在旱地农业中,通过返青期人工断根措施削减根系降低根系对同化产物的消耗和减少耗水量来达到提高冬小麦水分利用效率的方法,是可行的。但今后还需对断根措施作进一步研究,以期实现产量和水分利用效率的同步提高。     

不同杉木无性系磷素特性的比较

通过土培试验,进行磷素胁迫条件下不同杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)无性系磷素特性的比较研究。结果表明:在磷胁迫条件下不同杉木无性系的干物质积累、磷素吸收效率和磷素利用效率均存在显著差异。随着磷胁迫的加剧,不同杉木无性系的干物质积累量和磷素吸收效率下降,而磷素利用效率增强。总体而言,8、9、24、37号无性系的干物质积累量受胁迫影响最小,23号无性系受胁迫影响最大。其中8号无性系的磷素吸收和利用效率均较高,24、37号无性系的磷素吸收效率较高,而9号无性系的磷素利用效率较高,23号无性系的磷素吸收和利用效率均较低。 在磷胁迫条件下,杉木无性系可通过提高磷素吸收效率和利用效率途径来提高杉木对环境磷素的利用。     

Effect of Nitrogen Supply on the Nitrogen Use Efficiency of an Annual Herb, Helianthus annuus L.

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is the product of nitrogen productivity (NP) and the mean residence time of nitrogen (MRT). Theory suggests that there should be a trade-off between both components,but direct experimental evidence is still scarce. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the effect of varying nitrogen supply levels on NUEand its two components (NP, MRT) in Helianthus annuus L., an annual herb.The plants investigated were subjected to six nitrogen levels (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 g N/m2). Total plant production increased substantially with increasing nitrogen supply. Nitrogen uptake and loss also in creased with nitrogen supply. Nitrogen influx (rin) and outflux (rout) were defined as the rates of nitrogen uptake and loss per unit aboveground nitrogen, respectively. Both rin and rout increased with increasing nitrogen supply. In addition, rin was far higher than rout. Consequently, the relative rate of nitrogen incre ment (rin- rout) also increased with nitrogen supply. There were marked differences between treatments with respect to parameters related to the stress resistance syndrome: nitrogen pool size, leaf nitrogen concentration,and net aboveground productivity increased with nitrogen supply. Plants at high nitrogen levels showed a higher NP (the growth rate per unit aboveground nitrogen) and a shorter MRT (the inverse of rout), whereas plants at low nitrogen levels displayed the reverse pattern. Shorter MRT for plants at high nitrogen levels was caused by the abscission of leaves that contained relatively large fractions of total plant nitrogen. We found a negative relationship between NP and MRT, the components of NUE, along the gradient of nitrogen availability, suggesting that there was a trade-off between NP and MRT. The NUE increased with increasing nitrogen availability, up to a certain level, and then decreased. These results offer support for the hypoth esis that adaptation to infertile habitats involves a low nitrogen loss (long MRT in the plant) rather than a high NUE per se. The higher NUE at the plant level was a result, in part, of greater nitrogen resorption during senescence. We suggest that a long MRT (an index of nitrogen conservation) is a potentially successful strategy in nitrogen-poor environments.     

氮高效玉米主要性状的遗传分析

采用两个氮高效玉米杂交组合的P1、P2、F1、F2、B1、B2世代,随机区组试验设计,对氮高效玉米主要性状的遗传力进行了研究。研究结果表明,不同氮水平下氮高效玉米各性状的遗传力是不同的。低氮处理中,广义遗传力介于0.78～0.46之间,狭义遗传力介于0.68～0.23之间;高氮处理中,广义遗传力介于0.76～0.49之间,狭义遗传力介于0.67～0.25之间。低氮条件下,氮高效玉米主要性状中抽丝期穗位叶叶绿素含量、氮效率、穗重和穗位叶叶面积,高氮条件下,抽丝期生物量、穗重、抽丝期穗位叶叶绿素含量和成熟期生物量等性状的遗传力较高,可分别在低氮、高氮条件下,对其进行早代选择。     

地理信息系统与模型集成技术在林地林木产量和光能利用率估测中的应用

利用福建省气象要素观测及山地土壤调查资料,探讨地理信息系统和数学模型集成技术在区域林地栅格空间林木产量和光能利用率估测中的应用.结果表明,区域年均温、降水量和太阳总辐射能与经度、纬度及海拔的2次趋势面分析模型相关性均达极显著水平,复相关系数为0.692～0.981.采用地理信息系统与2次趋势面分析及1、2和4次反距离权重插值模型集成技术可分别较准确推算区域太阳总辐射能、年均温和降水量的空间数据,验证气象站点相应气象要素观测值与模型推算值之间的差异均未达显著水平,t值仅分别为1.29、0.12和0.06.借助地理信息系统与相关模型集成技术可实现区域林地栅格空间林木产量和光能利用率的估测,研究区林地林木产量和光能利用率分别为2.32～18.61 m³·hm^-2·yr^-1和0.11%～0.91%.     

Root dynamics in a semi-natural grassland in relation to atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment,soil water and shoot biomass

Plant responses to increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations have been studied intensively. However, the effects of elevated CO₂ on root dynamics, which is important for global carbon budgets as well as for nutrient cycling in ecosystems, has received much less attention. We used minirhizotrons inside open-top chambers to study the effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on root dynamics in a nutrient-poor semi-natural grassland in central Sweden. We conducted our investigation over three consecutive growing seasons during which three treatments were applied at the site: Elevated (≈ 700 μmol mol^-1) and ambient (≈ 360 μmol mol^-1) chamber levels of CO₂ and a control, without a chamber. During 1997, a summer with two dry periods, the elevated treatment compared with ambient had 25% greater mean root counts, 65% greater above-ground biomass and 15% greater soil moisture. The chambers seemed responsible for changes in root dynamics, whereas the elevated CO₂ treatment in general increased the absolute sum of root counts compared with the ambient chamber. In 1998, a wet growing season, there were no significant differences in shoot biomass or root dynamics and both chamber treatments had lower soil moisture than the control. We found that as seasonal dryness increased, the ratio of elevated – ambient shoot biomass production increased while the root to shoot ratio decreased. We conclude that this grasslands response to elevated CO₂ is dependent on seasonal weather conditions and that CO₂ enrichment will most significantly increase production in such a grassland when under water stress. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Boron efficiency in oilseed rape: I. Genotypic variation demonstrated in field and pot grown Brassica napus L. and Brassica juncea L.

Boron (B) efficiency of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and mustard (B. juncea) genotypes was determined on a low B soil at Mt. Compass, South Australia. B efficiency was observed in oilseed rape genotypes, Zhongyou 821, Dunkeld and Zheyou 2, and in mustard genotypes Pusa Bold and CSIRO 6. Genotypes grown in the field were also grown under glass-house conditions, in pots filled with pre-washed sand extracted from the Mt. Compass field site. Two B treatments, one B adequate (0.25 mg B kg⁻¹ soil) and one B deficient (imposed by omission) were used to indicate whether vegetative response to B could predict final yield response and provide a more convenient selection criterion for identifying B-efficient germplasm. Vegetative response of 35 d old (D35) genotypes grown in pot culture closely reflected field response, indicating the expression of B efficiency traits in early growth, and its potential use in selection. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

RFLP mapping of manganese efficiency in barley

In many cropping regions of the world, yield is limited by the availability of micronutrients, and micronutrient-efficient cultivars provide a yield advantage. Traditional methods of testing cultivars for micronutrient efficiency are time-consuming and laborious. Molecular markers linked to loci controlling micronutrient efficiency will allow more rapid and efficient selection and introgression of these traits than is currently possible. Using a pot-based bioassay and bulked segregant analysis of an F₂ population, we have identified several RFLPs (grouped distally on chromosome 4HS) linked to a locus for manganese efficiency in barley. This manganese efficiency locus has been designated Mel1. Pot bioassay analysis of intercrosses suggests that three useful sources of manganese efficiency are likely to be allelic at the Mel1 locus. Field evaluation of marker selected F₄ progeny supports the major role of Mel1 in the genetic control of manganese efficiency. Adoption of marker assisted selection for this trait in the Southern Australian barley breeding program has occurred. This has been facilitated by the demonstration that the Mel1 allele of Amagi Nijo can be distinguished from 95 other locally useful varieties and breeder’s lines on the basis of RFLPs identified by just two molecular markers. Received: 20 October 1999 / Accepted: 18 February 2000     

Phosphorus concentrations in the leaves of defoliated white clover affect abscisic acid formation and transpiration in drying soil

Increased leaf phosphorus (P) concentration improved the water-use efficiency (WUE) and drought tolerance of regularly defoliated white clover plants by decreasing the rate of daily transpiration per unit leaf area in dry soil. Night transpiration was around 17% of the total daily transpiration. The improved control of transpiration in the high-P plants was associated with an increased individual leaf area and WUE that apparently resulted from net photosynthetic assimilation rate being reduced less than the reductions in the transpiration (27% vs 58%). On the other hand, greater transpiration from low-P plants was associated with poor stomatal control of transpirational loss of water, less ABA in the leaves when exposed to dry soil, and thicker and smaller leaf size compared with high-P leaves. The leaf P concentration was positively related with leaf ABA, and negatively with transpiration rates, under dry conditions ( P < 0.001). However, leaf ABA was not closely related to the transpiration rate, suggesting that leaf P concentration has a greater influence than ABA on the transpiration rates.