依达拉奉对毒死蜱所致大鼠脑损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的:探讨依达拉奉在毒死蜱诱导的神经元凋亡中的保护作用及其线粒体机制。方法:在随机双盲的原则下,将大鼠分为对照组、毒死蜱组、依达拉奉组(n=6);以毒死蜱(18 mg/0.7 ml/kg, sc.)造模,在注射毒死蜱1 h后用依达拉奉(10 mg/1.6 ml/kg, ip.)治疗。连续注射毒死蜱及依达拉奉28 d后,通过旷场和水迷宫试验测试大鼠学习记忆能力。在心脏灌流后取大鼠脑组织,通过HE染色检测大脑海马区的神经元损伤情况以及透射电子显微镜观察线粒体和细胞核损伤情况。测定Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶、ATP含量判断线粒体损伤情况。用免疫组织化学和免疫印迹法测定线粒体分裂蛋白DRP1及DRP1的Ser 637位点磷酸化的表达。结果:与对照组相比,毒死蜱组大鼠在旷场实验的3 min内的总运动距离和平均速度明显减小(P<0.01),在水迷宫试验中的1 min内的逃避潜伏期明显延长、平台穿越次数明显减少(P<0.01),脑组织的ATP酶活性明显降低(P<0.01)且ATP含量下降(P<0.05)、线粒体DRP1的Ser637位点...     

依达拉奉对小鼠肺型氧中毒的保护作用及其机制

目的:探讨依达拉奉(edaravone)对肺型氧中毒的保护作用及其机制。方法:30只C57BL/6雄性小鼠,随机分成3组(n=10):空气对照组、高压氧暴露组及依达拉奉预防组,干预组腹腔注射依达拉5 mg/(kg·d), 连续3 d后,暴露于2.3 ATA,≥95% 氧气中6 h,出舱后收集肺组织,检测肺湿干比。肺组织经苏木素-伊红染色后行病理分析。ELISA检测肺组织中细胞因子、抗氧化酶表达变化。Western检测凋亡基因。结果:依达拉奉注射后可明显减轻高压氧导致的肺损伤,降低肺湿干比,减少细胞因子IL-1β及凋亡蛋白cleaved-caspase3的表达,但对抗氧化酶无明显影响。结论:依达拉奉预防性应用可通过减轻炎症及凋亡对肺型氧中毒起到保护作用。     

Pre- and Posttreatment With Edaravone Protects CA1 Hippocampus and Enhances Neurogenesis in the Subgranular Zone of Dentate Gyrus After Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

Edaravone is clinically used for treatment of patients with acute cerebral infarction. However, the effect of double application of edaravone on neurogenesis in the hippocampus following ischemia remains unknown. In the present study, we explored whether pre- and posttreatment of edaravone had any effect on neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the subgranular zone of hippocampus in a rat model of transient global cerebral ischemia and elucidated the potential mechanism of its effects. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated (n = 15), control (n = 15), and edaravone-treated (n = 15) groups. Newly generated cells were labeled by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect neurogenesis. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling was used to detect cell apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by 2,7-dichlorofluorescien diacetate assay in NSPCs in vitro. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and cleaved caspase-3 proteins were quantified by western blot analysis. Treatment with edaravone significantly increased the number of NSPCs and newly generated neurons in the subgranular zone (p < .05). Treatment with edaravone also decreased apoptosis of NSPCs (p < .01). Furthermore, treatment with edaravone significantly decreased ROS generation and inhibited HIF-1α and cleaved caspase-3 protein expressions. These findings indicate that pre- and posttreatment with edaravone enhances neurogenesis by protecting NSPCs from apoptosis in the hippocampus, which is probably mediated by decreasing ROS generation and inhibiting protein expressions of HIF-1α and cleaved caspase-3 after cerebral ischemia.     

Redox treatment ameliorates diabetes mellitus-induced skin flap necrosis via inhibiting apoptosis and promoting neoangiogenesis

Intractable wound healing is the habitual problem of diabetes mellitus. High blood glucose limits wound healing by interrupting inflammatory responses and inhibiting neoangiogenesis. Oxidative stress is commonly thought to be a major pathogenic cause of diabetic complications. Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one, EDV) is a free radical scavenger which suppress oxidative stress. This study investigates whether EDV can reduce oxidative stress in wound healing HaCaT/human dermal fibroblasts cells (HDFs) in vitro and in vivo animal model. Cell viability and wound healing assays, FACS flow cytometry, and Hoechst 33342 staining were performed to confirm apoptosis and cytotoxicity in H₂O₂ and EDV-treated HaCaT and HDFs. A streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic animal model was made in adult C57BL6 mice. Full-thickness skin flap was made on dorsomedial back and re-sutured to evaluate the wound healing process. EDV was delivered slowly in the skin flap with degradable fibrin glue. The flap was monitored and analyzed on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. CD31/DAPI staining was done to detect newly formed blood vessels. The expression levels of NF-κB, bcl-2, NOX3, and STAT3 proteins in C57BL6 mouse tissues were also examined. The wound healing process in hyper- and normoglycemic mice showed a difference in protein expression, especially in oxidative stress management and angiogenesis. Exogenous H₂O₂ reduced cell viability in a proportion to the concentration via apoptosis. EDV protected HaCaT cells and HDFs from H₂O₂ induced reactive oxygen species cell damage and apoptosis. In the mouse model, EDV with fibrin resulted in less necrotic areas and increased angiogenesis on postoperative day 5, compared to sham-treated mice. Our results indicate that EDV could protect H₂O₂-induced cellular injury via inhibiting early apoptosis and inflammation and also increasing angiogenesis. EDV might be valuable in the treatment of diabetic wounds that oxidative stress has been implicated.     

Edaravone alleviated propofol-induced neural injury in developing rats by BDNF/TrkB pathway

As a variety of free radical scavenger, edaravone has shown its potential in producing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in various disease models. However, the underlying mechanism behind the neuroprotective effects of edaravone remained unclear. This study is aimed at determining the effects of edaravone on neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory through a propofol-induced neural injury rat model. Firstly, an observation was made of apoptosis and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of developing under the influence of propofol. It was found out that propofol could produce inflammatory effects in the hippocampus by enhancing the astrogliosis (GFAP) activation and elevating the level of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Meanwhile, the increase of apoptosis cells and the decrease of neurons (NeuN) were speculated to aggravate neural injury. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that edaravone intervention can reverse the neural apoptosis and inflammation. Additionally, the intraperitoneal injection of edaravone, the intraperitoneal injection of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-mimicking small compound (7,8 dihydroxyflavone) and the intracranial injection of the exogenous BDNF were all respectively effective in alleviating the propofol-induced neural apoptosis and inflammation in the hippocampus. It was also found out that edaravone-activated downstream signalling through tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) receptors in astrocyte, microglia and neuron. However, the neural injury of propofol had no impact on long-term learning and memory, except causing a short-term neurotoxicity. In conclusion, edaravone could alleviate the propofol-induced neural injury in developing rats through BDNF/TrkB pathway.     

Synthesis and radioprotective effects of novel hybrid compounds containing edaravone analogue and 3-n-butylphthalide ring-opening derivatives

As the potential risk of radiation exposure is increasing, radioprotectors studies are gaining importance. In this study, novel hybrid compounds containing edaravone analogue and 3-n-butylphthalide ring-opening derivatives were synthesized, and their radioprotective effects were evaluated. Among these, compound 10a displayed the highest radioprotective activity in IEC-6 and HFL-1 cells. Its oral administration increased the survival rates of irradiated mice and alleviated total body irradiation (TBI)-induced hematopoietic damage by mitigating myelosuppression and improving hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell frequencies. Furthermore, 10a treatment prevented abdominal irradiation (ABI)-induced structural damage to the small intestine. Experiment results demonstrated that 10a increased the number of Lgr5⁺ intestinal stem cells, lysozyme⁺ Paneth cells and Ki67⁺ transient amplifying cells, and reduced apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium cells in irradiated mice. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the radioprotective activity of 10a is associated to the reduction of oxidative stress and the inhibition of DNA damage. Furthermore, compound 10a downregulated the expressions of p53, Bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3, and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, suggesting that it could prevent irradiation-induced intestinal damage through the p53-dependent apoptotic pathway. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that 10a is beneficial for the prevention of radiation damage and has the potential to be a radioprotector.