不同施肥模式对雷竹林土壤真菌群落特征的影响

为探明施肥处理对雷竹林土壤真菌群落特征的影响,采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和荧光定量PCR技术,分析有机肥(M)、化肥(CF)、化肥配施有机肥(CFM)、化肥配施有机肥加覆盖(CFMM)及不施肥(CK)处理土壤真菌群落结构和数量特征.结果表明:施肥显著影响真菌群落结构与多样性,表层(0～20 cm)土壤中M、CFMM处理与CK,亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤中CF、CFMM处理与CK之间真菌群落结构均存在明显差异;且表层土壤中CF、CFMM处理真菌Shannon指数和均匀度指数显著低于CK.M、CFM处理表层土壤真菌数量显著高于CK.土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮和速效钾含量显著影响了真菌群落结构的变异;全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量与真菌数量均呈显著正相关.表明雷竹林表层和亚表层土壤中真菌群落对施肥处理的响应存在明显差异,表层土壤真菌群落明显受有机质添加的影响,而亚表层则对化肥投入较为敏感;施肥对真菌群落多样性的影响主要集中在表层土壤.     

华北平原种养一体规模化农场氮素流动特征及利用效率——以河北津龙循环农业园区为例

种养一体规模化、集约化是华北平原农业发展的必然趋势,而氮素是连接种植养殖的主要养分资源,以河北津龙循环农业园区为例,采用文献资料、实地调查方法分析农场水平氮素流动特征及利用率,并通过情景分析方法提出农场氮素管理措施,为实现农场水平氮养分资源高效利用、提高农场生产系统生产力和改善华北平原循环农业模式提供技术支撑和科学依据.结果表明: 在农场水平下,化肥和有机肥输入氮量674.6 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,占总输入氮量的88.3%,氮利用率为41.5%,种植系统氮盈余量190.7 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,施氮量过多是造成种植系统氮利用率低和氮素盈余量高的主要原因.养殖系统中外购饲料提供氮量占饲料总输入氮量的83.2%,粪尿排氮量为776.6 t·a^-1,而还田比例仅为36.3%,氮利用率19.7%.农场水平氮总利用率为40.7%.情景分析表明,农田减少化肥施氮量50%(情景1)、增加来自农场内部玉米籽粒产量(情景2)措施,可分别使种植系统氮利用率提高34.6%和15.6%,同时农场水平氮总利用率分别提高18.7%和9.8%;另外,优化养殖系统饲料结构(情景3),可使氮总利用率提高19.1%.因此,减少化肥氮施用量、调整作物种植结构、优化饲料结构等,是提高农场氮生产力和实现环境友好双赢效果的措施和途径.     

牦牛SND1基因特征序列分析及其蛋白在乳腺的表达

Staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1（ SND1,Tudor-SN）是一种参与基因调控的转录共激活因子蛋白,本研究意在克隆牦牛泌乳相关基因SND1,分析其生物特性,研究其蛋白在乳腺的表达。采集牦牛泌乳期乳腺组织,胰蛋白酶消化法得到原代乳腺上皮细胞,纯化到3代, 采用RT-PCR扩增克隆SND1基因,测序并拼接,并用相关生物信息软件分析牦牛SND1基因特性;用免疫组织化学和免疫荧光技术对牦牛SND1基因编码蛋白进行定位分析。获得如下结果：牦牛SND1基因全序列为3294 bp,含有2733 bp的ORF,共包含20种氨基酸。SND1基因编码蛋白为非分泌蛋白,非跨膜蛋白;同源性分析显示,牦牛SND1基因与野牛、家牛、藏羚羊、山羊、猪、野骆驼、马、黑猩猩、人、褐家鼠的同源性分别为99%、98%、96%、94%、91%、90%、90%、89%、89%、85%;系统进化树表明与野牛和家牛的进化水平较近,与人和鼠的进化水平较远。免疫组织化学染色结果显示,SND1蛋白在分泌上皮细胞（乳腺上皮细胞）和导管上皮细胞呈阳性高表达,在肌上皮细胞呈弱表达。免疫荧光显示,SND1蛋白在乳腺上皮细胞胞核高表达,胞质弱表达。上述研究结果为进一步探究SND1对牦牛泌乳机能的调节提供了相关依据,也为高寒哺乳动物的研究提供了参考资料。     

Knowing when (not) to attempt ecological restoration

Here we argue that there are two important steps in the decision process to restore ecological system that are often ignored. First, consideration of restoration is in response to observed change in a system, but ecological systems can fluctuate widely in their normal dynamic. Thus, there is an imperative to interpret ecological change; shifts in community structure that represent “typical” fluctuations in a properly functioning ecosystem do not warrant restoration, while change associated with phase shift in the system may well demand restoration action. Second, where restoration effort is warranted, it needs to be determined whether management responses are likely to be successful within resource constraints. Where ecological change involves pronounced hysteresis, even massive effort may have little chance in effecting recovery to a preferred ecosystem state. Theory and models indicate that consideration of the characteristic length scales (CLSs) of ecological systems provides an unambiguous interpretation of ecological change, enabling differentiation of “typical” fluctuations from phase shift, and here we show that CLSs can be calculated for real communities from their species' dynamics, and that their behavior is as predicted from theory. We also show that for ecological systems where local interactions and forcings are well understood, validated simulation models can provide a ready means to identify hysteresis and estimate its magnitude. We conclude that there are useful tools available for ecologists to address the key questions of (1) whether restoration attempts are warranted in the first place and, if they are, (2) whether it is practical to pursue them.     

Effects of genetically modified maize events expressing Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, Cry1F,and CP4 EPSPS proteins on arthropod complex food webs

Four genetically modified (GM) maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids (coleopteran resistant, coleopteran and lepidopteran resistant, lepidopteran resistant and herbicide tolerant, coleopteran and herbicide tolerant) and its non‐GM control maize stands were tested to compare the functional diversity of arthropods and to determine whether genetic modifications alter the structure of arthropods food webs. A total number of 399,239 arthropod individuals were used for analyses. The trophic groups’ number and the links between them indicated that neither the higher magnitude of Bt toxins (included resistance against insect, and against both insects and glyphosate) nor the extra glyphosate treatment changed the structure of food webs. However, differences in the average trophic links/trophic groups were detected between GM and non‐GM food webs for herbivore groups and plants. Also, differences in characteristic path lengths between GM and non‐GM food webs for herbivores were observed. Food webs parameterized based on 2‐year in‐field assessments, and their properties can be considered a useful and simple tool to evaluate the effects of Bt toxins on non‐target organisms.     

Possible mechanisms mitigating reproductive interference supposed between Xylena fumosa (Butler) and X. formosa (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Xyleninae), both by-captured in a commercial pheromone trap for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae)

As differences in sex pheromones usually act as a barrier against interspecific mating, the fact that the closely related moths Xylena fumosa (Butler) and X. formosa (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Xyleninae) are commonly attracted to the sex pheromone lure for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae) seems unlikely, suggesting that some mechanisms exist between them to mitigate a potential reproductive interference in pheromone communications. Thus, we examined the overlaps in ecological niches of the two species, and their attractiveness to commercial pheromone lures for other moths, through pheromone trap surveys and published reports. Long-term field surveys using traps baited with five to six types of artificial sex pheromone lures including those designed for H. armigera, and information in published works revealed that there was a nonnegligible overlap between the two species in terms of seasonal timing of captures, geographic habitats and host plants. These factors, therefore, did not appear to provide conclusive evidence mitigating reproductive interference. However, there was a slight but significant difference between them in the trends of attraction to different artificial pheromone lures; X. formosa was attracted albeit in a small number to the lures for Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), whereas X. fumosa was only attracted to those for H. armigera. This suggests that differences in pheromone composition, rather than differences in temporal and spatial distributions, between the two species could play a more significant role in premating reproductive isolations.     

越南金花茶叶绿体基因组分析

本研究通过高通量测序技术对越南金花茶(Camellia insularis Orel & Curry)的叶绿体(chloroplast, cp)基因组进行了测序。结果显示,越南金花茶叶绿体基因组长度为156 882 bp,包含132个基因,其中,88个编码蛋白质,36个编码tRNA,8个编码rRNA。密码子偏好性分析显示,编码亮氨酸的密码子数量最多,且第三位密码子显示出了较高的A/U偏好。此外,共鉴定出了67个简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats, SSR),发现越南金花茶SSR偏好使用A和T碱基。除了少数可变区域之外,越南金花茶与其近缘物种的叶绿体基因组反向重复(inverted repeat, IR)边界区域相当保守。系统发育分析表明,越南金花茶与云南金花茶(Camellia fascicularis)亲缘关系最近。金花茶是基因工程培育黄色山茶花的重要材料,本研究为叶绿体工程提供了基本的遗传信息,为深入研究金花茶组植物的进化、物种鉴定和基因组育种研究提供了宝贵的资源。     

基于Ecopath模型的温州湾海域生态系统结构和功能分析

为探究温州湾生态系统整体结构,根据2019-2020年温州湾渔业资源调查结果,利用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.5软件构建了由21个功能组组成的生态系统能流通道模型,分析了该海域生态系统总体特征、营养结构和能量流动过程。结果表明：生态系统各功能组的营养级范围为1.000～4.372,带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)营养级最高;系统总流量为10 874.67 t/(km²·a),系统净生产量为3 392.965 t/(km²·a);系统能量流动呈金字塔状分布,能量流量随着营养级的升高而降低,来源于初级生产者转化效率为15.20%,来源于有机碎屑的转化效率为16.03%,系统总能量转化效率为15.49%;系统总初级生产量/总呼吸量为3.636,系统连接指数为0.298,Finn’s循环指数为2.22%,Finn’s平均路径长度为2.324,杂食指数为0.167。温州湾生态系统处于不成熟状态,系统稳定性相对较低,建议加强对关键物种的保护,以期提高能量利用效率和保障生态系统结构完整性。     

当归根腐病主要病原菌生物学特性及室内毒力测定

为探究当归(Angelica sinensis)根腐病的病原菌种类、生物学特性并筛选其防治药剂。采用常规组织法分离培养病原菌,利用柯赫氏法则验证其致病性,通过形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法进行病原菌的鉴定、生物学特性分析;采用菌丝生长速率法对病原菌进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,当归根腐病菌菌落毛毡状,在三种培养基上大型分生孢子呈镰刀形,大小为(27.5～47.5)μm×(3.8～7.5)μm(n=50),隔膜数1～5;小型分生孢子在PDA和SNA培养基上呈椭圆形、肾型、纺锤形,在CLA培养基上肾型,(3.8～15.0)μm×(2.5～7.5)μm(n=50),隔膜数0～3;厚垣孢子在CLA培养基上呈串生,PDA培养基上呈不规则形,SNA培养基上厚垣孢子着生方式多样,串生、圆形、不规则形,大小为(2.5～3.8)μm×(2.5～5.0)μm(n=50)。EF-1α、RPB1和RPB2联合序列系统发育树表明,该菌为锐顶镰刀菌(Fusarium acuminatum),其最适生长温度为25℃,最适生长初始pH为9,光照对其生长无显著影响。室内毒力测定显示10%苯醚甲环唑(WG)对其抑制效果最好...     

Differential expression and bioinformatics analysis of exosome circRNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

BackgroundPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a fatal malignant tumor with an unfavorable prognosis. Increasing evidence indicated circRNAs were associated with the pathogenesis and progression of tumors, but data on the expression of serum exosomal circRNAs in PDAC are scarce. This study attempted to explore the prognostic value and function of serum exosomes in PDAC patients.MethodsMicroarray-based circRNA expression was determined in PDAC and paired with normal serum samples, and the intersection of differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs) in serum exosomal samples and GSE79634 tissue samples was conducted. A specific CircRNA database was applied to investigate DECs binding miRNAs. Target genes were predicted using the R package multiMiR. Cox regression analyses were applied for constructing a prognostic model. The immunological characteristics analysis was carried out through the TIMER, QUANTISEQ, XCELL, EPIC, and ssGSEA algorithms.Results15 DECs were finally identified, and a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network was established. A prognostic risk model was developed to categorize patients according to the risk scores. Furthermore, the association between risk score and immune checkpoint genes including CD80, TNFSF9, CD276, CD274, LGALS9, and CD44 were significantly elevated in the high-risk group, while ICOSLG and ADORA2A were upregulated in the low-risk group.ConclusionsOur results may provide new clues for the prognosis and treatment of PDAC.