Population genomic analysis suggests strong influence of river network on spatial distribution of genetic variation in invasive saltcedar across the southwestern United States

Understanding the complex influences of landscape and anthropogenic elements that shape the population genetic structure of invasive species provides insight into patterns of colonization and spread. The application of landscape genomics techniques to these questions may offer detailed, previously undocumented insights into factors influencing species invasions. We investigated the spatial pattern of genetic variation and the influences of landscape factors on population similarity in an invasive riparian shrub, saltcedar (Tamarix L.) by analysing 1,997 genomewide SNP markers for 259 individuals from 25 populations collected throughout the southwestern United States. Our results revealed a broad‐scale spatial genetic differentiation of saltcedar populations between the Colorado and Rio Grande river basins and identified potential barriers to population similarity along both river systems. River pathways most strongly contributed to population similarity. In contrast, low temperature and dams likely served as barriers to population similarity. We hypothesize that large‐scale geographic patterns in genetic diversity resulted from a combination of early introductions from distinct populations, the subsequent influence of natural selection, dispersal barriers and founder effects during range expansion.     

The impact of mating systems and dispersal on fine‐scale genetic structure at maternally,paternally and biparentally inherited markers

For decades, studies have focused on how dispersal and mating systems influence genetic structure across populations or social groups. However, we still lack a thorough understanding of how these processes and their interaction shape spatial genetic patterns over a finer scale (tens—hundreds of metres). Using uniparentally inherited markers may help answer these questions, yet their potential has not been fully explored. Here, we use individual‐level simulations to investigate the effects of dispersal and mating system on fine‐scale genetic structure at autosomal, mitochondrial and Y chromosome markers. Using genetic spatial autocorrelation analysis, we found that dispersal was the major driver of fine‐scale genetic structure across maternally, paternally and biparentally inherited markers. However, when dispersal was restricted (mean distance = 100 m), variation in mating behaviour created strong differences in the comparative level of structure detected at maternally and paternally inherited markers. Promiscuity reduced spatial genetic structure at Y chromosome loci (relative to monogamy), whereas structure increased under polygyny. In contrast, mitochondrial and autosomal markers were robust to differences in the specific mating system, although genetic structure increased across all markers when reproductive success was skewed towards fewer individuals. Comparing males and females at Y chromosome vs. mitochondrial markers, respectively, revealed that some mating systems can generate similar patterns to those expected under sex‐biased dispersal. This demonstrates the need for caution when inferring ecological and behavioural processes from genetic results. Comparing patterns between the sexes, across a range of marker types, may help us tease apart the processes shaping fine‐scale genetic structure.     

These aren’t the loci you’e looking for: Principles of effective SNP filtering for molecular ecologists

Sequencing reduced‐representation libraries of restriction site‐associated DNA (RADseq) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is quickly becoming a standard methodology for molecular ecologists. Because of the scale of RADseq data sets, putative loci cannot be assessed individually, making the process of filtering noise and correctly identifying biologically meaningful signal more difficult. Artefacts introduced during library preparation and/or bioinformatic processing of SNP data can create patterns that are incorrectly interpreted as indicative of population structure or natural selection. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully consider types of errors that may be introduced during laboratory work and data processing, and how to minimize, detect and remove these errors. Here, we discuss issues inherent to RADseq methodologies that can result in artefacts during library preparation and locus reconstruction resulting in erroneous SNP calls and, ultimately, genotyping error. Further, we describe steps that can be implemented to create a rigorously filtered data set consisting of markers accurately representing independent loci and compare the effect of different combinations of filters on four RAD data sets. At last, we stress the importance of publishing raw sequence data along with final filtered data sets in addition to detailed documentation of filtering steps and quality control measures.     

生态智慧视角下的植物群落构建及其景观营造研究

生态智慧是一种实践哲学,能够被广泛应用于风景园林设计之中。美国芝加哥的卢瑞花园（Lurie Garden）、谢德花园（Shedd Garden）、斯特恩矿坑公园（Stearns Quarry Park）作为优秀的公共绿地,不仅具有特色鲜明的植物群落结构及植物景观,而且已成为促进城市生态环境可持续发展的成功范例,为人们提供了一个理想的休闲活动场所,同时也充分体现了场地植物景观营造的生态智慧。根据3处绿地的植物种类特征,总结了植物群落构建的特点。在此基础上从植物塑造场地空间、植物景观的自然野趣、植物群落构建及其景观营造与城市生物多样性关联等方面探讨植物群落对场地生态系统的完善,对芝加哥城市公共绿地的植物群落构建及景观营造进行了生态智慧解读。     

韧性城市社区规划设计的3个维度

在与韧性城市社区相关的研究文献中,适应性是经常使用的术语,它不仅描述了一个社区对于可能导致不良后果的扰动的抵抗或吸收能力,也包括一系列相应的变化能力,这些变化往往为社区带来成长、发展、创新与变革的机会。因此,适应性常被视为社区韧性的必要条件。然而在已有文献中,对于“什么是韧性城市社区适应性的本质”尚且没有清楚的阐述。旨在通过回答以下问题来补充这一理论的不足：韧性城市社区适应性的关键特征是什么？社区韧性应如何通过构建适应性来实现？从城市社区目前面临的挑战出发,基于对韧性城市社区本质及关键特征的分析,构建城市社区韧性与适应性概念模型。该模型以适应性为核心,以环境支撑、空间可变、以人为本作为解读城市社区适应性的3个维度,指出：遵循城市社区独特的地脉文脉特征;满足城市社区中变化的环境需求与空间的偏好;尊重居民的权利与建议的城市社区是体现适应性的韧性社区,并以此作为3个原则指导韧性城市社区的规划设计。     

寄畅园的造园环境与借景探原

以寄畅园的借景为研究对象,在分析寄畅园外部山林地造园环境的基础上,剖析寄畅园借景的景观与空间特征,以及这一借景景观与地形环境的关联性,揭示水系山势纵横之间的正面全景与侧面景深的组合关系,并在对拙政园、赖久寺庭园等中日园林布局的例证分析中,展现所隐含的山水因借的布局模式。同时梳理历史文献中关于寄畅园借景的变迁过程,指明园林布局对借景变迁的影响。     

城市绿地对热岛效应缓解作用研究——以保定市中心城区为例

随着中国城镇化建设的进行,城市热岛效应逐渐成为城市发展的显著问题之一,而城市绿地能有效地缓解城市热岛效应,在城市规划中,可以通过对城市绿地进行合理布局,从而减缓城市热岛效应的影响。本文采用遥感数据反演的方法,综合应用地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感（RS）技术,得到不同时期保定市中心城区地表温度和植被覆盖度的时空演变图,分析近10年的时空演变规律,并用网格法对植被覆盖度与地表温度之间的耦合关系进行研究,得出研究区内的植被覆盖度每增加10%,其地表的平均温度可减少0.9℃~1.3℃。选取研究区域内的8个城市绿地,利用缓冲区分析的方法,定量研究城市绿地面积与其降温范围之间的关系,结合保定市热岛效应集中区域及周边土地利用现状,提出增加城市绿地的可能位置,为城市绿地布局提供科学依据。     

基于网络点评数据的园林展会后利用评价研究

随着互联网的快速发展和大数据技术的应用,网络点评数据成为获取游客游览景区后体验感知的重要手段。从使用者的角度出发,构建基于网络点评数据的园林展会后利用评价体系,利用网络点评数据对园林展会后利用的各项因素进行分析和评价,从中总结出目前园林展会后利用面临的突出问题,并针对这些问题提出相关建议,以期为中国未来园林展会后利用提供可持续发展的新思路。     

专访韩国现代风景园林开拓者吴辉英教授

韩国风景园林取得突出成就主要源自一个人的引领和启发：被韩国人民称为“韩国弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德”的吴辉英教授。从对吴辉英教授的采访中我们可知,作为一个国家公职人员,在韩国快速工业化和城市化进程中,他领导制定了发展和保护政策。在为朴正熙总统工作期间,吴教授撰写了很多国家环境、规划和发展的法规与政策,并一直将风景园林师纳入其中作为重要角色。他促成了1977年自然环境保护法（NECA）的制定。他还着手建立将风景园林作为一个独立于建筑、林业和园艺的专业产业的立法基础。吴教授促成了韩国风景园林研究院的基础建设,同时促进了专业和商业执照的确立。作为韩国第一个向国家介绍风景园林的人,吴博士一直是学术界和出版界的领军人物。吴教授还建议风景园林界要善于分享愿景,并提供新的视野,让我们一起找到更好的方法来改善、再生和修复城市和环境