毛乌素沙地杨柴液流变化对气象因子的响应

采用FLOW32-1K (Thermal Dissipation Probe)热平衡包裹式液流仪对毛乌素沙地杨柴(Hedysarum leave)植株液流速率进行了连续监测,同步监测灌木林地内气温、太阳辐射、相对湿度和饱和水汽压差(VPD)等气象因子,探讨了在不同时间尺度下杨柴植株液流特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明：(1)不同径级(3—4 mm、4—6 mm和>6 mm)杨柴植株的日平均液流速率分别为5.61 g/h、9.29 g/h、35.30 g/h,平均日液流量分别为(134.72±82.48)g/d、(223.06±152.20)g/d、(847.23±403.38)g/d。不同天气条件下的树干液流速率晴天>阴天,液流速率变化呈“昼高夜低”,不同月份表现为8月>7月>9月。(2)影响晴天和雨天杨柴植株液流的首要气象因子都是太阳辐射,小时尺度下,太阳辐射、气温、相对湿度和饱和水汽压共同解释杨柴液流的75%以上,在日尺度下,气象因子可以共同解释其80.8%以上;且随着时间尺度增大,进入回归方程的气象因子个数呈减小趋势,但气象因子对杨柴液流变化的解释度呈增...     

不同等级石漠化生境下石生苔藓叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数研究

叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数可以反映叶绿体状态及光合作用效率,可用于探讨植物对环境的适应能力和响应机制。选择贵州省毕节市撒拉溪石漠化治理示范区,研究了区内28个不同等级石漠化(无、潜在、轻度、中度、重度石漠化)样地中所采集的168份石生苔藓植物标本,探讨了其相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和叶绿素荧光参数对不同喀斯特石漠化生境的响应。结果表明：(1)石生苔藓SPAD值、叶绿素荧光参数受多种环境因子的综合影响,其中石漠化等级、大气温度、郁闭度、坡向的影响较为显著。(2)相较于低等级石漠化和阴坡生境,中高等级石漠化和阳坡的石生苔藓SPAD值和除非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)和非调节性能量耗散(Ф_NO)之外的叶绿素荧光参数均降低,可能由于在石漠化生态系统逆向演替后期,石生苔藓植物的叶绿素含量降低,PSⅡ反应中心活性受到影响,PSⅡ电子传递受阻,植物体通过增加热耗散和启动非调节性机制进行自我保护。(3)3种优势石生苔藓植物中,穗枝赤齿藓(Erythrodontium julaceum)的SPAD值显著低于圆枝粗枝藓(Gollania tereticaulis)和密毛细羽藓(Cyrt...     

滦河流域土壤保持和水质净化服务及其权衡与协同关系

滦河流域是京津冀地区重要的生态屏障和水源涵养区,但流域内仍存在水土流失、河流水质不达标等问题。基于实测资料及loadest模型等工具率定InVEST模型参数,定量评估了滦河流域各生态区2005、2010和2015年土壤保持和水质净化服务及其时空变化特征,采用相关分析和基于网格的Moran′I指数分析了两项服务的作用机理和权衡与协同关系的时空分异,并探讨了气候和土地利用变化对二者的影响。结果表明：2005年、2010年、2015年滦河流域年均土壤保持强度为136.45 t/hm²,时间上呈现出先强增后微减的特点,空间格局表现为由西北向东南增加;流域总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)年均输出量分别为1526.73 t/a和82.89 t/a,输出量逐年增加且集中在流域中下游,流域整体水质净化能力有所减弱。流域内水体中TN、TP浓度与泥沙入河量具有显著相关性,土壤保持和水质净化服务关系整体上由协同向权衡转变,空间上的差异性表现为林地、草地集中区域(生态区A)多以协同关系为主,而农牧带交错地区(生态区B)多以权衡关系为主。建议未来滦河流域开展生态建设和管理工作时应统筹考虑土壤保持...     

长江流域生态系统服务价值时空演变与预测

长江流域是我国的经济重心和生态保育区,揭示其生态系统服务价值(ESV)的历史演变和发展趋势对支撑长江流域的生态经济系统持续发展具有重要意义。采用长江流域1992—2018年逐年土地利用数据,构建了基于修正系数的ESV评估模型和FLUS-Markov土地利用预测模型,解析了全流域ESV的历史演变特征和未来2030年变化趋势。结果表明：(1)2018年长江流域的ESV总量11.68×10¹²元,1992—2018年ESV呈上升趋势,年均提高297.00×10⁸元;(2)供给服务价值是流域ESV的最大贡献源,占总量的48.3%—51.8%,文化服务价值是增长最快的贡献源,1992—2018年增长了52.5%;(3)上游地区是长江流域ESV最集中的区域,上游ESV占全流域的45.15—46.8%,从1992年到2018年,长江流域ESV重心有向下游流动的趋势;(4)2030年长江流域的建设用地将进一步扩展,同时耕地、草地面积有下降的风险,2030年长江流域的ESV新增量达到0.36×10¹²元,主要来自娱乐和气候调节服务价值的提...     

The phylogeny of land plants: A cladistic analysis based on male gametogenesis

A cladistic analysis was carried out to resolve phylogenetic pattern among bryophytes and other land plants. The analysis used 22 taxa of land plants and 90 characters relating to male gametogenesis.Coleochaete orChara/Nitella were the outgroups in various analyses using HENNIG86, PAUP, and MacClade, and the land plant phylogeny was unchanged regardless of outgroup utilized. The most parsimonious cladograms from HENNIG86 (7 trees) have treelengths of 243 (C.I. = 0.58, R.I. = 0.82). Bryophytes are monophyletic as are hornworts, liverworts, and mosses, with hornworts identified as the sister group of a liverwort/moss assemblage. In vascular plants, lycophytes are polyphyletic andSelaginella is close to the bryophytes.Lycopodium is the sister group of the remaining vascular plants (minusSelaginella). Longer treelengths (over 250) are required to produce tree topologies in which either lycophytes are monophyletic or to reconstruct the paraphyletic bryophyte phylogeny of recent authors. This analysis challenges existing concepts of bryophyte phylogeny based on more classical data and interpretations, and provides new insight into land plant evolution.     

A regional analysis of Barí land use intensification and its impact on landscape heterogeneity

Since pacification 30 years ago, the Barí of northwest Venezuela have aggregated in villages and have begun to produce cattle and some crops for sale in regional markets. This research analyzes satellite imagery to compare patterns of land use among Barí settlements that differ in their population size, cattle holdings, and distance to nearest marketplace. These comparisons indicate that settlement history mediates the effect of population pressure and herd sizes on land use. Moreover, intensification of land use is associated with greater deforestation and a more heterogeneous landscape, but less biodiversity in woody species.     

Remote sensing imagery for resource inventories in central Africa: The importance of detailed field data

The rate of rain forest clearing throughout central Africa is of national and international interest because it affects both the region's contribution to global warming and impacts the sustainable productive capacity of its natural resource base. The size and inaccessibility of much of central Africa makes remote sensing imagery the most suitable data source for regional land cover mapping and land transformation monitoring. Present image availability is poor. Most regional studies have had to rely on coarse resolution AVHRR 1 km data that fails to detect the small-scale agricultural clearings that are the primary cause of land cover change throughout the region. This study demonstrates that higher spatial resolution Landsat MSS imagery, which comprises the most available, geographically comprehensive and longest time series dataset, is too coarse to map land cover in low population density areas typical of most of central Africa. Furthermore, this study cautions that the use of high resolution imagery without detailed collateral field data on population density and land use practices while generating superficially plausible results, will most probably produce highly inaccurate estimates of land cover and land transformation. Policies for future regional remote sensing surveys of central Africa should focus on acquisition of higher spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution imagery and must be accompanied by detailed, systematic field data collection.     

Perennial biomass cropping and use: Shaping the policy ecosystem in European countries

Demand for sustainably produced biomass is expected to increase with the need to provide renewable commodities, improve resource security and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with COP26 commitments. Studies have demonstrated additional environmental benefits of using perennial biomass crops (PBCs), when produced appropriately, as a feedstock for the growing bioeconomy, including utilisation for bioenergy (with or without carbon capture and storage). PBCs can potentially contribute to Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (2023–27) objectives provided they are carefully integrated into farming systems and landscapes. Despite significant research and development (R&D) investment over decades in herbaceous and coppiced woody PBCs, deployment has largely stagnated due to social, economic and policy uncertainties. This paper identifies the challenges in creating policies that are acceptable to all actors. Development will need to be informed by measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of greenhouse gas emissions reductions and other environmental, economic and social metrics. It discusses interlinked issues that must be considered in the expansion of PBC production: (i) available land; (ii) yield potential; (iii) integration into farming systems; (iv) R&D requirements; (v) utilisation options; and (vi) market systems and the socio-economic environment. It makes policy recommendations that would enable greater PBC deployment: (1) incentivise farmers and land managers through specific policy measures, including carbon pricing, to allocate their less productive and less profitable land for uses which deliver demonstrable greenhouse gas reductions; (2) enable greenhouse gas mitigation markets to develop and offer secure contracts for commercial developers of verifiable low-carbon bioenergy and bioproducts; (3) support innovation in biomass utilisation value chains; and (4) continue long-term, strategic R&D and education for positive environmental, economic and social sustainability impacts.     

Land cover changes with the development of anaerobic digestion for biogas production in France

Anaerobic digestion is developing in various countries worldwide to produce renewable energy. In addition, the resulting digestates provide readily available nutrients when applied to cropping systems as fertilizers. The introduction of a biogas plant on a farm can induce land cover changes, in relation to the production of feedstock for the biogas plant and/or to the modification of the farming system. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize and quantify the land cover changes in farms associated with biogas plants in France. We combined two national spatialized databases: the Land Parcel Identification System (yearly French land cover at the parcel scale with farm identifier per parcel) and the SINOE database (biogas plant location and year of start-up). We showed that, on average, the changes were limited, with an increase in maize areas (+3.4% of the total farm areas) compensated by a decrease in wheat and rapeseed areas (−1.8% and −1.9%, respectively), but with a certain variability. The French regulation and market limiting the use of dedicated energy crops seems to have limited land cover changes in France compared to other countries. However, we elaborated a typology of land cover changes and characterized five clusters of farms across the country. The main one (67% of the farms) corresponded to unchanged land cover after the introduction of a biogas plant. The four other clusters showed contrasting changes, for example, an increase or a decrease in grassland areas, a strong increase in maize areas, or a replacement of winter wheat by winter barley. The diversity and the driving factors behind these changes deserve to be better studied and understood through further farmer surveys.