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371.
In an attempt to ascertain whether the lichen Ramalina duriaei could be employed to biomonitor atmospheric lead pollution, specimens of this lichen were exposed to Pb (NO3)2 solutions and a buffered solution (tartaric acid/sodium bitartrate, pH 2.8) of sodium rhodizonate (C6O6Na2) was used to locate lead in their thalli. The procedure entailed exposure of the lichen to 0, 5, 50 and 100 ppm Pb for 5 min and 1 h and the subsequent determination of the lead contents from photographs of the thalli. Distribution of lead in different parts of the thallus was assessed after exposure of the lichens to 2 ppm Pb (9 h or three d), 50 ppm (45 min) or 200 ppm (4d). Cross sections of vegetative parts of the thallus and of the apothecia revealed that lead penetrated into the cortical cells of the thallus but not into the algal cells of the phycobiont nor the ascospores or medullary cells. The observed massive penetration of lead into cortical cells supports the notion that Ramalina duriaei is sensitive to atmospheric lead pollution. 相似文献
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375.
Kristin Palmqvist Asuncion de los Rios Carmen Ascaso Göran Samuelsson 《Physiologia plantarum》1997,101(1):67-76
Processes involved in photosynthetic CO2 acquisition were characterised for the isolated lichen photobiont Trebouxia erici (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae) and compared with Coccomyxa (Chlorophyta), a lichen photobiont without a photosynthetic CO2-concentrating mechanism. Comparisons of ultrastructure and immuno-gold labelling of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39) showed that the chloroplast was larger in T. erici and that the majority of Rubisco was located in its centrally located pyrenoid. Coccomyxa had no pyrenoid and Rubisco was evenly distributed in its chloroplast. Both species preferred CO2 rather than HCO3? as an external substrate for photosynthesis, but T. erici was able to use CO2 concentrations below 10–12 μM more efficiently than Coccomyxa. In T. erici, the lipid-insoluble carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitor acetazolamide (AZA) inhibited photosynthesis at CO2 concentrations below 1 μM, while the lipid-soluble CA inhibitor ethoxyzolamide (EZA) inhibited CO2-dependent O2 evolution over the whole CO2 range. EZA inhibited photosynthesis also in Coccomyxa, but to a much lesser extent below 10–12 μM CO2. The internal CA activity of Trebouxia, per unit chlorophyll (Chl), was ca 10% of that of Coccomyxa. Internal CA activity was also detected in homogenates from T. erici and two Trebouxia-lichens (Lasallia hispanica and Cladina rangiferina). In all three, the predominating CA had α-type characteristics and was significantly inhibited by low concentrations of AZA, having an I50 below 10–20 nM. In Coccomyxa a β-type CA predominates, which is much less sensitive to AZA. Thus, the two photobionts differed in three major characteristics with respect to CO2 acquisition, the subcellular location of Rubisco, the relative requirement of CA and the biochemical characteristics of their predominating internal CA. These differences may be linked to the ability of Trebouxia to accumulate dissolved inorganic carbon internally, enhancing their CO2 use efficiency at and below air-equilibrium concentrations (10–12 μM CO2) in comparison with Coccomyxa. 相似文献
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From the lichen Neuropogon trachycarpus, six aliphatic acids related to lichesterinic acid have been isolated: neuropogolic, murolic, isomuronic an 相似文献
378.
John Warren 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2003,12(2):217-224
The majority of estimates of isolation by distance are produced byindirect molecular methods rather than direct observation of dispersal events orcolonisation rates. This is in part due to technical difficulties in recordingrare dispersal events in the field, and may be limiting the testing ofmetapopulation models. The fact that tombstones are dated on erection was usedto perform direct measurements of rates of colonisation for two contrasting speciesof crustose lichen, Candelariella vitellina andPlacynthium nigrum, which occur commonly on sandstone andgranite headstones, respectively. The effects of isolation by distancewere observed in the colonisation of sandstone by C. vitellina within the first 50 years of the erection of headstones in thesmallest of three burial grounds investigated in northeast Scotland. When therate of colonisation was estimated over different periods of time the effect ofisolation by distance was seen to decline as the stones aged. There was noapparent effect of isolation by distance on the rate of colonisation of graniteheadstones by P. nigrum at any of the three study sites atany period of colonisation. This study suggests that effects of isolation by distance are likely to behighly case specific, varying between species, between sites and over time. Thisimplies that great care should be taken when producing parameter estimates formetapopulation models. 相似文献
379.
Abigail R. Meyer Maria Valentin Laima Liulevicius Tami R. McDonald Matthew P. Nelsen Jean Pengra Robert J. Smith Daniel Stanton 《American journal of botany》2023,110(2):e16114
Premise
The long-term potential for acclimation by lichens to changing climates is poorly known, despite their prominent roles in forested ecosystems. Although often considered “extremophiles,” lichens may not readily acclimate to novel climates well beyond historical norms. In a previous study (Smith et al., 2018), Evernia mesomorpha transplants in a whole-ecosystem climate change experiment showed drastic mass loss after 1 yr of warming and drying; however, the causes of this mass loss were not addressed.Methods
We examined the causes of this warming-induced mass loss by measuring physiological, functional, and reproductive attributes of lichen transplants.Results
Severe loss of mass and physiological function occurred above +2°C of experimental warming. Loss of algal symbionts (“bleaching”) and turnover in algal community compositions increased with temperature and were the clearest impacts of experimental warming. Enhanced CO2 had no significant physiological or symbiont composition effects. The functional loss of algal photobionts led to significant loss of mass and specific thallus mass (STM), which in turn reduced water-holding capacity (WHC). Although algal genotypes remained detectable in thalli exposed to higher stress, within-thallus photobiont communities shifted in composition toward greater diversity.Conclusions
The strong negative impacts of warming and/or lower humidity on Evernia mesomorpha were driven by a loss of photobiont activity. Analogous to the effects of climate change on corals, the balance of symbiont carbon metabolism in lichens is central to their resilience to changing conditions. 相似文献380.
The life history of the red alga Ahnfeltiopsis paradoxa (Suringar) Masuda (Phyllophoraceae, Gigartinales) from Japan was completed in laboratory culture. Carpospores isolated from field-collected plants germinated to form circular crusts that were composed of a monostromatic hypothallium consisting of radiating filaments, a polystromatic perithallium consisting of tightly coalescent erect filaments, and hypobasal tissue derived from the hypothallium. The crusts were induced to sporulate by transferring them from short-day to long-day regimes at 15° and 2°C. Each crust produced several nemathecia along 1-4 concentric rings. Intercalary, cruciately or decussately divided tetrasporangia were formed in 4-6 (1-2 at the margin of the nemathecium) successive cells of a single filament of the nemathecia. Tetraspore germlings gave rise to basal discs from which upright axes developed. The upright axes first grew without branches or were sparsely branched and later bore many marginal reproductive proliferations. Procarps and spermatangia were formed in the proliferations on different individuals. Carposporophytes developed on female plants that were co-cultured with male plants. Gonimoblast filaments were formed from an auxiliary cell that fused with a carpogonium. Carposporangia developed from gonimoblast filaments and medullary cells contacted by the gonimoblast filaments. Carpospores were discharged through carpostomes formed in the thickened cortex. Tetraspores were cultured from field-collected crusts of a morphology similar to that of cultured tetrasporophytes. They gave rise to upright gametophytic axes similar in morphology to this species as seen in the field. 相似文献