基于SPOT-VGT NDVI的陕北植被覆盖时空变化

利用1998-2010年SPOT-VGT NDVI影像对陕北地区植被的时空变化进行分析.结果表明:研究期间,陕北地区归一化植被指数(NDVI)的季相变化明显,月均最高值出现在8月、最小值出现在1月,月均值的变化幅度在0.14 ～0.46,NDVI月均值为0.28,其年均值总体呈上升趋势;在空间上,植被改善地区集中于陕北中南部,生态环境退化区域集中在长城以北风沙区;气温和降水是影响植被变化的重要气候因子,其与NDVI变化的相关系数分别为0.72和0.58;植被改善明显的区域主要位于坡度15° ～25°的地区,反映出国家退耕还林还草工程对陕北地区生态环境的恢复和改善起到了巨大作用.     

秦岭金水河岸弃耕地草本植物种间关系

基于野外51个样方调查数据,运用2×2列联表的Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验,并结合DCA排序,研究了秦岭金水河岸弃耕地40种草本植物的种间关系。结果表明,Spearman秩相关系数检验,有90个种对存在显著相关（p〈0．05或P〈0．01）,其中负相关9对,占所有种对数的1．15％,正相关81对,占所有种对数的10．38％;Pearson相关系数检验有55个种对呈显著正相关,2个种对呈显著负相关;Fisher精确检验表明28个种对呈显著正关联,5个种对呈显著负关联。根据DCA排序将40种草本植物划分为3个生态种组,代表着不同的演替阶段,反映了随着环境条件变化植物群落组成发生的相应变化。对资源和环境要求类似的种对倾向于表现出显著的正相关,负相关的种对多处于不同演替阶段。     

耕地易地补充经济补偿的生态价值——以江阴市和兴化市为例

以快速发展、后备资源极其匮乏的江阴市和发展相对较慢、具有一定可开发耕地资源的兴化市为研究区,探讨区域耕地保护经济补偿机制。从区域土地利用的角度,选取了区域土地利用结构、自然资源和土壤条件等对生态环境有较大影响的指标对耕地保护易地补偿的生态环境状况予以测算。同时,选取区域污染治理资金投入能力和科技投入力度等指标测算区域生态环境修复的能力,并从CO2的固定、O2的释放、土壤质量的保持、水源的涵养等方面对两区域的生态服务价值其进行了量化。结果表明:从2010年到2015年,两地生态价值而呈不断增长态势,补偿价值将由244008.10元/hm2上升到245871.37元/hm2。这一价值将应由兴化市保护耕地方支付给江阴市产业发展方向。     

The global distribution of cultivable lands: current patterns and sensitivity to possible climate change

Aim This study makes quantitative global estimates of land suitability for cultivation based on climate and soil constraints. It evaluates further the sensitivity of croplands to any possible changes in climate and atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Location The location is global, geographically explicit. Methods The methods used are spatial data synthesis and analysis and numerical modelling. Results There is a cropland ‘reserve’ of 120%, mainly in tropical South America and Africa. Our climate sensitivity analysis indicates that the southern provinces of Canada, north‐western and north‐central states of the United States, northern Europe, southern Former Soviet Union and the Manchurian plains of China are most sensitive to changes in temperature. The Great Plains region of the United States and north‐eastern China are most sensitive to changes in precipitation. The regions that are sensitive to precipitation change are also sensitive to changes in CO₂, but the magnitude is small compared to the influence of direct climate change. We estimate that climate change, as simulated by global climate models, will expand cropland suitability by an additional 16%, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes. However, the tropics (mainly Africa, northern South America, Mexico and Central America and Oceania) will experience a small decrease in suitability due to climate change. Main conclusions There is a large reserve of cultivable croplands, mainly in tropical South America and Africa. However, much of this land is under valuable forests or in protected areas. Furthermore, the tropical soils could potentially lose fertility very rapidly once the forest cover is removed. Regions that lie at the margins of temperature or precipitation limitation to cultivation are most sensitive to changes in climate and atmospheric CO₂ concentration. It is anticipated that climate change will result in an increase in cropland suitability in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes (mainly in developed nations), while the tropics will lose suitability (mainly in developing nations).     

典型农作措施对沙溪庙组壤质紫色土坡耕地径流氮流失的影响

明确典型农作措施对紫色土坡耕地径流氮(N)流失的影响可为优化面源污染防控措施提供科学依据。基于2019—2021年沙溪庙组发育的壤质紫色土坡耕地不同降雨等级次降雨产流事件,分析了常规施肥(CK),优化施肥(T1)和优化施肥+秸秆还田(T2)措施下径流、径流中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO₃-N)及铵态氮(NH₄-N)流失浓度和流失量的变化特征。结果表明,与CK相比,T1和T2的径流深分别减小了4.24%、12.71%,但减小程度不显著(P>0.05);CK与T1的径流系数相等,且比T2增加了12.5%(P>0.05);相比CK,T1和T2的TN浓度增加了19.35%、25.8%(P>0.05),TN流失量则均增加了11.54%(P>0.05),表明T1和T2的施用也有增加土壤N流失的潜在风险。与中雨、大雨和大暴雨事件相比,暴雨事件的径流深分别增加了6.5%—191.11%(P<0.05),而TN、NO₃-N及NH₄-N的流失量分别增加106.38%—177.14%(P>...     

Impacts of monoculture cropland to alley cropping agroforestry conversion on soil N2O emissions

Monoculture croplands are a major source of global anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to ozone depletion. Agroforestry has the potential to reduce N₂O emissions. Presently, there is no systematic comparison of soil N₂O emissions between cropland agroforestry and monoculture systems in Central Europe. We investigated the effects of converting the monoculture cropland system into the alley cropping agroforestry system on soil N₂O fluxes at three sites (each site has paired agroforestry and monoculture) in Germany, where agroforestry combined crop rows and poplar short-rotation coppice (SRC). We measured soil N₂O fluxes monthly over 2 years (March 2018–January 2020) using static vented chambers. Annual soil N₂O emissions from agroforestry ranged from 0.21 to 2.73 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, whereas monoculture N₂O emissions ranged from 0.34 to 3.00 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. During the rotation of corn crop, with high fertilization rates, agroforestry reduced soil N₂O emissions by 9% to 56% compared to monocultures. This was mainly caused by low soil N₂O emissions from the unfertilized agroforestry tree rows. Soil N₂O fluxes were predominantly controlled by soil mineral N in both agroforestry and monoculture systems. Our findings suggest that optimized fertilizer input will further enhance the potential of agroforestry for mitigating N₂O emissions.     

黄土高原退耕还林(草)区旅游开发探讨

黄土高原退耕还林(草)区生态环境相对脆弱,经济发展较为落后,如何在多元化目标主导下寻求退耕还林政策的合理模式,关系到西部大开发政策的实施效果。在简要介绍区域概况,评价退耕还林(草)模式的基础上,认为生态保护型和生态经济型模式缺乏社区利益的考虑,可持续发展的动力不足,但生态旅游开发模式可以解决动力不足的问题。通过分析退耕还林(草)区生态旅游开发的资源、区位、政策、交通、接待设施等旅游开发的影响因子,提出了黄土高原退耕还林(草)区旅游开发的阶段及任务,并构建了该区域旅游开发的分区框架。     

Changing Global Climate: Historical Carbon and Nitrogen Budgets and Projected Responses of Ohio’s Cropland Ecosystems

As the evidence of global climate change continues to mount, its consequences for cropland productivity assume particular significance. Against the backdrop of past agricultural practices, simulation models offer a glimpse into the future, showing the effect of temperature changes on crop production. In this study, we first quantified the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) budgets of Ohios cropland ecosystems using inventory yield data of corn for grain, oat, and all wheat for the period 1866–1996 and soybean for the period 1924–96. Then we explored the responses of Ohios continuous soybean croplands to changes in temperature, carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration, initial soil organic C and N (SOC-N) pools, soil texture, and management practices by developing a simple cropland ecosystem model (CEM) and performing a long-term sensitivity analysis. Finally, CEM simulations were evaluated against independent observations of SOC values (0–19 cm) averaged over 470 northwest Ohio sites between 1954 and 1987 under conventional tillage and rotations of corn–soybean–winter wheat by using the historical yield data (r ² = 0.8). The C contents per hectare of crop harvests increased by 178% for oats, 300% for corn for grain, and 652% for all wheat between 1866 and 1996 and by 305% for soybean between 1924 and 1996. Ohio croplands acted as C–N sources, releasing average net ecosystem emissions (NEE), including the removal of harvested C–N, of 4,598 kg CO₂ ha^–1 and 141 kg N ha^–1 in 1886 and 205 kg CO₂ ha^–1 (except for the corn-for-grain cropland) and 39 kg N ha^–1 in 1996. The continuous corn croplands continued to become a C sink, sequestering 255 kg C ha^–1 in 1996. Results of the sensitivity analysis for Ohios continuous soybean croplands revealed that the SOC pool increased by 6.9% and decreased by 7.5% in response to a doubled CO₂ concentration and a temperature increase of 2.8°C over 100 years, respectively. The sequestration potential of the SOC pool increased by 6.5% at a rate of 24.6 kg C ha^–1 y^–1 for the same period with finer soil texture (loam to silty clay loam). The shift from conventional to conservation residue practice led to an 11% increase in the steady-state SOC storage at a rate of 42 kg C ha^–1 y^–1 for 100 years.     

帽儿山地区不同类型河岸带土壤的反硝化效率

以帽儿山地区森林背景下的森林、皆伐、草地河岸带和农田背景下的森林、裸地河岸带土壤为研究对象,采用硝态氮消失法,研究了不同背景下各类型河岸带的反硝化强度及其影响因素．结果表明：各类型河岸带中,农田背景下的森林河岸带土壤反硝化强度最大,其硝态氮消失率的变化范围为46．79％～91．13％,农田背景下的裸地河岸带土壤反硝化强度最小,其硝态氮消失率的变化范围为15．64％～81．84％;森林背景下土壤反硝化强度的大小顺序为皆伐河岸带〉森林河岸带〉草地河岸带,其硝态氮消失率的变化范围依次为42．06％～90．39％、28．24％～85．73％、21．44％～83．11％．研究区河岸带表层土壤的反硝化强度大于底层．河岸带土壤反硝化强度均受可利用碳、硝态氮的限制,各类型河岸带以农田背景下森林河岸带土壤反硝化潜力最大．