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991.
A significant increase of guanylylimidodiphosphate (GppNHp)-, fluoride-, and forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase was observed in synaptic membrane preparations from rat cerebral cortex subsequent to chronic electroconvulsive shock (ECS) treatment. This effect required at least five treatments over a course of 10 days. The inhibition of adenylyl cyclase induced by GppNHp was not affected by these treatments. The dissociation constant (KD) and maximal binding for the photoaffinity GTP analog, [32P]P3-(4-azidoanilido)-P1-5'-GTP [( 32P]AAGTP), to each of the synaptic membrane G proteins also were unchanged after ECS treatment. Nonetheless, the transfer of [32P]AAGTP from Gi to Gs, which we suggest is indicative of the coupling between Gs and the adenylyl cyclase catalytic moiety, was accelerated by chronic ECS treatment but not by acute or sham treatment. Furthermore, chemical uncoupling of Gs from adenylyl cyclase rendered membranes from treated animals indistinguishable from controls. Finally, in all cases tested, membranes prepared from animals subjected to chronic treatment with amitriptyline or iprindole showed similar changes in the Gs-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase. Acute treatments produced effects similar to controls, and liver and kidney membranes from animals receiving chronic treatment showed no changes in adenylyl cyclase despite the marked changes seen in brain. These results suggest that chronic administration of ECS enhances coupling between Gs and adenylyl cyclase enzyme and modifies interactions between Gs and Gi. 相似文献
992.
J. B. Jackson 《Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes》1991,23(5):715-741
H+-transhydrogenase couples the reversible transfer of hydride ion equivalents between NAD(H) and NADP(H) to the translocation of protons across a membrane. There are separate sites on the enzyme for the binding of NAD(H) and of NADP(H). There are some indications of the position of the binding sites in the primary sequence of the enzymes from mitochondria andEscherichia coli. Transfer of hydride ion equivalents only proceeds when a reduced and an oxidized nucleotide are simultaneously bound to the enzyme. When p=0 the rate of interconversion of the ternary complexes of enzyme and nucleotide substrates is probably limiting. An increase in p accelerates the rate of interconversion in the direction of NADH NADP+ until another kinetic component, possibly product release, becomes limiting. The available data are consistent with either direct or indirect mechanisms of energy coupling.Abbreviations DCCD
N N1-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
- FSBA
51-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl] adenosine
- FCCP
carbonylcyanide-p-fluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- H+-Thase
H+-transhydrogenase
- thio-NADP+
thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- AcPdAd+
3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide
- p
proton electrochemical gradient
-
membane potential
- pH
pH difference across the membrane 相似文献
993.
994.
Cumulus cells are metabolically coupled to oocytes via heterologous gap junctions. This coupling terminates near the time of ovulation, and the termination appears to be correlated with the mucification of the cumulus cells lying immediately adjacent to the oocytes. The first objective of this project was to determine whether follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) induction of cumulus cell-oocyte uncoupling could occur independently of FSH-stimulated cumulus mucification (expansion). Intercellular coupling was measured as a percentage of radiolabeled choline (or its metabolites) that was incorporated into the oocyte relative to the total amount of radiolabel incorporated into the entire cumulus cell-oocyte complex. It was found that the complete suppression of FSH-stimulated cumulus expansion with chondroitin sulfate B had no suppressive effect on FSH-stimulated cumulus cell-oocyte uncoupling. This finding showed that FSH-stimulated cumulus expansion was not required for cumulus cell-oocyte uncoupling. Since 17β-estradiol, testosterone, or progesterone could not induce maximal cumulus cell uncoupling, it was concluded that the uncoupling-promoting action of FSH was probably not mediated by steroid hormones. A partial uncoupling of cumulus cells and oocytes was found when spontaneous oocyte maturation had occurred in the absence of FSH. This partial uncoupling was prevented by incubation of cumulus cell-oocyte complexes in concentrations of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) or 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine (IBMX) (0.25 and 0.10 mM respectively) that suppressed spontaneous oocyte maturation without inducing cumulus expansion. These inhibitors also prevented the maximal induction of uncoupling that would have been provoked by biological grade preparations of either FSH or luteinizing hormone (LH). It was concluded that two factors were required to bring about maximal cumulus cell-oocyte uncoupling: one factor was dependent upon the action of gonadotropins on cumulus cell function, the other factor appeared to be a function of the oocytes, since maximal uncoupling could occur only after the germinal vesicles had broken down. 相似文献
995.
Increase in the translatable mRNA for acetylcholine receptor during embryonic development of Torpedo ocellata electric organ 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Single-turnover flash-induced ATP synthesis in chloroplasts was measured in situ with the luciferin luminescence method. In dark-adapted chloroplasts the first flashes only induce ATP hydrolysis. Once the reversible ATPase is fully activated, ATP hydrolysis persists for extended periods of darkness and flash-induced ATP-synthesis is optimal even at flash frequencies lower than 0.1 Hz. About one molecule of ATP is formed per 1000 chlorophyll and flash. In a low frequency flashing regime under steady state conditions, the newly formed ATP is stable. There is no threshold light intensity for flash-induced ATP synthesis. The data are in agreement with models involving short-range interaction between electron transport and the coupling factor. 相似文献
996.
A Photosystem II reaction centre protein complex was extracted from spinach chloroplasts using digitonin. This complex showed (i) high rates of dichloroindophenol and ferricyanide reduction in the presence of suitable donors, (ii) low-temperature fluorescence at 685 nm with a variable shoulder at 695 nm which increased as the complex aggregated due to depletion of digitonin and (iii) four major polypeptides of 47, 39, 31 and 6 kDa on dissociating polyacrylamide gels. The Photosystem II protein complex, together woth the P-700-chlorophylla protein complex and light-harvesting chlorophyll complex (LHCP) also isolated using digitonin, were reconstituted with lipids from spinach chloroplasts to form proteoliposomes. The low-temperature (77 K) fluorescence properties of the various proteoliposomes were analysed. The ratios of the Photosystem II reaction centre protein complex-liposomes decreased as the lipid to protein ratios were increased. The ratios of LHCP-liposomes were found to behave similarly. Light excitation of chlorophyll b at 475 nm stimulated emission from both the Photosystem II protein complex (F685 and F695) and the P-700-chlorophyll a-protein complex (F735) when LHCP was reconstituted with either of these complexes, demonstrating energy transfer between LHCP and PS I or II complexes in liposomes. No evidence was found for energy transfer from the PS II complex to the P-700-chlorophyll a-protein complex reconstituted in the same proteoliposome preparation. Proteoliposome preparations containing all three chlorophyll-protein complexes showed fluorescence emission at 685, 700 and 735 nm. 相似文献
997.
Inactivation of the chloroplast ATPase upon tight nucleotide binding was studied with several adenine nucleotide analogs. Compared with ADP, the other nucleoside diphosphates were less effective in the follwing order: IDP >?-ADP > 1-oxido-ADP > GDP. The nucleotide analogs compete with ADP for binding to the tight nucleotide-binding site(s) on the ATPase and also prevent further inactivation by ADP. AdoPP[NH]P also causes inactivation but has a lower affinity than ADP. [3H]GDP binds tightly to the ATPase, but the resulting enzyme-GDP complex is more readily dissociable than the enzyme-ADP complex. Although both nucleotides appear to bind to the same site, the catalytic and binding properties of the coresponding nucletide-enzyme complexes differ. Binding of GDP also decreases the rate and extent of the sontaneous decay of the activated enzyme. PPi decreases the rate of inacivation caused by ADP and also the level of tigthly buond ADP. Based on these results, we suggest that two different confomations of the ATPase exist which contain tigthly bound ADP. The active conformation is conveted to the inactive conformation in the absence of a continued supply of energy by illumination or ATP hydrolysis. 相似文献
998.
1. ATP synthesis (monitored by luciferin-luciferase) can be elicited by a single turnover flash of saturating intensity in chromatophores from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, Kb1. The ATP yield from the first to the fourth turnover is strongly influenced by the phosphate potential: at high phosphate potential (?11.5 kcal/mol) no ATP is formed in the first three turnovers while at lower phosphate potential (?8.2 kcal/mol) the yield in the first flash is already one half of the maximum, which is reached after 2–3 turnovers.2. The response to ionophores indicates that the driving force for ATP synthesis in the first 20 turnovers is mainly given by a membrane potential. The amplitude of the carotenoid band shift shows that during a train of flashes an increasing ΔΨ is built up, which reaches a stationary level after a few turnovers; at high phosphate potential, therefore, more turnovers of the same photosynthetic unit are required to overcome an energetic threshold.3. After several (six to seven) flashes the ATP yield becomes constant, independently from the phosphate potential; the yield varies, however, as a function of dark time (td) between flashes, with an optimum for td = 160–320 ms.4. The decay kinetics of the high energy state generated by a long (125 ms) flash have been studied directly measuring the ATP yield produced in post-illumination by one single turnover flash, under conditions of phosphate potential (?10 kcal/mol), which will not allow ATP formation by one single turnover. The high energy state decays within 20 s after the illumination. The decay rate is strongly accelerated by 10?8 M valinomycin.5. Under all the experimental conditions described, the amplitude of the carotenoid signal correlates univocally with the ATP yield per flash, demonstrating that this signal monitores accurately an energetic state of the membrane directly involved in ATP synthesis.6. Although values of the carotenoid signal much larger than the minimal threshold are present, relax slowly, and contribute to the energy input for phosphorylation, no ATP is formed unless electron flow is induced by a single turnover flash.7. The conclusions drawn are independent from the assumption that a ΔΨ between bulk phases is evaluable from the carotenoid signal. 相似文献
999.
The rate of photosynthetic electron transport measured in the absence of ADP and Pi is stimulated by low levels of Hg2+ or Ag+ (50% stimulation ≈ 3 Hg2+ or 6 Ag+/100 chlorophyll) to a plateau equal to the transport rate under normal phosphorylating conditions (i.e. +ADP, +Pi). Chloroplasts pretreated in the light under energizing conditions with N-ethylmaleimide show a similar stimulation of non-phosphorylating electron transport. The stimulations of non-phosphorylating electron transport by Hg2+, Ag+ and N-ethylmaleimide are reversed by the CF1 inhibitor phlorizin, the CF0 inhibitor triphenyltin chloride, and can be further stimulated by uncouplers such as methylamine. The Hg2+ and N-ethylmaleimide stimulations, but not the Ag+ stimulation, are completely reversed by low levels of ADP (2 μM), ATP (2 μM), and Pi (400 μM). Ag+, which is a potent inhibitor of ATP synthesis, has little or no effect upon phosphorylating electron transport (+ADP, +Pi). Concomitant with the stimulations of non-phosphorylating electron transport by Hg2+, Ag+ and ADP + Pi, there is a decrease in the level of membrane energization (as measured by atebrin fluorescence quenching) which is reversed when the CF0 channel is blocked by triphenyltin. These results suggest that modification of critical CF1 sulfhydryl residues by Hg2+, Ag+ or N-ethylmaleimide leads to the loss of intra-enzyme coupling between the transmembrane protontransferring and the ATP synthesis activities of the CF0-CF1 ATP synthase complex. 相似文献
1000.
A set of equations has been derived, describing quantitatively the relationships between flows and thermodynamic forces in the chemiosmotic model of oxidative phosphorylation.Experimental tests of these equations give information on the stoichiometric coupling constants between the different flows. 相似文献