Effect of mineral oil on Potato virus Y acquisition by Rhopalosiphum padi

Seed potato crops are currently sprayed weekly with mineral oil to prevent transmission of the Potato virus Y (PVY; Potyviridae: Potyvirus), one of the most prevalent and important non‐persistent viruses affecting potato production. In spite of its wide usage as inhibitor of virus transmission, the mode of action for mineral oil is poorly known. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of dosage and time from application of mineral oil on the inhibition of PVY acquisition. The bird cherry‐oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), known as vector of PVY, was used in all the experiments. The results indicated that mineral oil efficiently decreased PVY acquisition by 75 and 70% 1 day after application of 5 and 10 l ha^?1, respectively. The inhibition effect decreased with time from application; mineral oil inhibits acquisition for less than 4 days at 5 l ha^?1 and between 8 and 12 days at 10 l ha^?1. As mineral oil was detected in the body of fewer aphids when they fed on plants 1 day after oil application, a change in the aphid probing behaviour on mineral oil‐treated plants was deduced. These results support the hypothesis that mineral oil physically inhibits the binding of the virus at the tip of the stylets.     

Bitrophic toxicity of Cry1Ac to Cycloneda sanguinea,a predator in Brazilian cotton

Insect predators are exposed to the Cry1Ac toxin in Bt cotton fields through several pathways. In this study, we investigated the effects of activated Cry1Ac added to a diet on Cycloneda sanguinea (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), which is one of the main predators of non‐target pests in Brazilian cotton. Direct bitrophic exposure of C. sanguinea to Cry1Ac was done by feeding beetles with Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphidae) sprayed with 500 μg per ml Cry1Ac solution. Larval and pupal survival, development time, aphid consumption, and adult longevity were recorded daily. Couples within the same experimental treatment were paired and numbers of eggs laid and hatched per female were recorded daily. Net replacement rate was calculated for each female. During development, a C. sanguinea larva consumed on average 1.8 μg of activated Cry1Ac. No significant differences due to Cry1Ac were observed for any of the response variables, except aphid consumption. Larvae receiving Cry1Ac consumed more aphids than larvae receiving distilled water alone. Additional statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate independence of responses, and for the independent responses, a simple meta‐analysis was conducted to test the null hypothesis that all responses were zero. Nearly all of the response variables were statistically independent. Two pairs of responses were not independent, but the associated multivariate tests were not significant. The meta‐analysis suggested that all effects were not different from random variation around zero and no cumulative effects could be detected. Our results indicated that bitrophic exposure to activated Cry1Ac is likely to have little or no adverse ecological effect on C. sanguinea.     

Depressed performance and detoxification enzyme activities of Helicoverpa armigera fed with conventional cotton foliage subjected to methyl jasmonate exposure

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA)‐mediated defense in conventional cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae), against cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), was investigated with respect to the activities of the detoxification enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CarE), and glutathione S‐transferases (GST) in pupae as well as the performance of larvae. The results suggested that exogenous application of MeJA to cotton leaves depressed the activities of AChE, CarE, and GST of cotton bollworm pupae. Both the absolute and protein‐specific AChE activities of pupae were depressed at all three MeJA concentrations applied as compared with a control, and the effects of 0.4 mM MeJA were significantly higher than those of 0.1 and 0.2 mM. A marked reduction in absolute CarE activity was observed at the 0.4 mM MeJA treatment, whereas the protein‐specific activity was increased by 0.2 and 0.4 mM. Absolute GST activity was significantly depressed only by the 0.4 mM MeJA treatment, whereas protein‐specific GST activity was not markedly affected by MeJA. Protein content of pupae was reduced by 0.4 mM MeJA‐induced defense in cotton leaves. The development time of larvae was protracted and pupal weight was reduced by 0.1 and 0.4 mM MeJA‐treated cotton leaves. Larval weight gain was inhibited significantly on 0.2 and 0.4 mM MeJA‐treated cotton leaves. The results suggested that MeJA‐induced plant defense may have adverse effects on H. armigera. In addition to the inhibition of growth and development, induced defense may also impair the insect's ability to detoxify toxic plant secondary metabolites.     

根域限制下水氮供应对膜下滴灌棉花叶片光合生理特性的影响

在新疆气候生态条件下,采用管栽方法,选用棉花新陆早13号和新陆早33号2个品种为供试材料,通过人工限制根系垂直生长深度和水氮供应,测定棉花叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数、光合物质积累等,探讨根域限制及水氮供应对棉花光合生理特性及产量形成的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,相同水氮供应条件下,根域限制处理棉花从开花期至盛絮期叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和光化学猝灭系数(qp)显著降低,尤其在盛铃后期至盛絮期表现明显,但潜在最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)未受到影响;盛花期和盛絮期根重均显著降低,但地上部总干物质、蕾铃干物质累积量及籽棉产量均显著高于对照。同一根域容积不同水氮处理棉花开花期至盛絮期的Pn、Gs和Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qp均表现为W1N1>W0N1>W1N0>W0N0;根域限制条件下适量水氮供应处理盛花期和盛絮期地上部总干物质和蕾铃干物质累积量均显著增加,最终单株铃数、单铃重和籽棉产量均显著高于其它处理。因此,在膜下滴灌棉花根域容积受限制条件下,通过优化生育期水氮供应,能改善叶片光合性能、增加地上部干物质积累量及其向生殖器官分配比例,是挖掘膜下滴灌棉花产量潜力和提高效益的有效途径。     

茉莉酸对棉花单宁含量和抗虫相关酶活性的诱导效应

以植物生长调节物茉莉酸(Jasmonic acid,JA)为诱导子,以常规棉为研究对象,探讨了外源茉莉酸对棉花幼苗单宁和蛋白酶抑制素以及其它抗虫相关酶活性诱导的浓度依赖性和持久性,讨论了棉花抗虫相关物质的抗虫效果.结果表明,0.01、0.1和1.0 mmol/L茉莉酸都能在2周内诱导棉花单宁和胰蛋白酶抑制素(Proteinase inhibitors,PIs)含量增加,诱导多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性升高.对3种浓度茉莉酸的诱导效应进行分析表明,0.1 mmol/L茉莉酸对于诱导PIs、PPO、POD和CAT最有效,0.1和1.0 mmol/L茉莉酸对于诱导棉花单宁和苯丙氨酸解氨酶等效,二者的诱导效应均高于0.01 mmol/L.对茉莉酸诱导抗性的持久性进行分析表明,最佳诱导效应发生的时间各不相同:POD活性在JA处理后第1天最高,随后呈下降趋势,PIs和单宁含量分别在JA处理后第7天和第14天达最大值;JA处理后第1天和第7天的PPO活性无明显差异,但明显高于第14天;JA处理后第7天和第14天的PAL活性无明显差异,但明显高于第1天;JA处理后第1、7和14天棉花叶片的CAT活性均无明显差异.以上结果表明,茉莉酸可通过增加棉叶单宁和PIs含量、提高棉叶PAL、PPO、POD和CAT活性等增强棉花幼苗的抗虫性.     

转Bt基因棉花对烟粉虱天敌昆虫龟纹瓢虫的影响

在实验室控制条件下,以转Bt基因棉花GK12、33B、SGK321上的烟粉虱为食料饲养龟纹瓢虫,研究转Bt基因棉花上的烟粉虱对龟纹瓢虫生长发育及捕食的影响,同时利用Y型嗅觉仪,观察龟纹瓢虫对来自不同类型棉花的棉叶及其烟粉虱的嗅觉反应和视觉反应。结果表明,转Bt基因棉花和对应的常规棉亲本上的烟粉虱对龟纹瓢虫的发育历期和存活率没有明显的影响。龟纹瓢虫对棉花叶片、烟粉虱若虫、蜜露、蜕等4种物质的视觉反应之间没有明显的差异。对4种嗅源物质的嗅觉选择性的大小依次为：烟粉虱若虫＞蜕＞棉花＞蜜露;在两类不同的棉花之间,转基因棉花和常规棉,龟纹瓢虫对GK12、33B、SGK321等三种转基因棉花上的烟粉虱若虫的嗅觉选择性明显较对应的常规棉亲本SM3、33、SY321上的烟粉虱若虫小;对烟粉虱若虫的蜕,两种转单价基因棉花GK12、33B较对应的常规棉亲本上的小,而转双价基因的棉花SGK321上与对应的常规棉之间没有明显的差异。烟粉虱密度大于200头.皿_-1时,龟纹瓢虫捕食转基因棉花上烟粉虱的数量大于对应的常规棉花亲本,但烟粉虱密度小于200头.皿_-1时,龟纹瓢虫捕食转基因棉花上烟粉虱的数量小于对应的常规棉花亲本。龟纹瓢虫对烟粉虱的捕食符合HollingⅡ型反应。龟纹瓢虫取食转基因棉花上的烟粉虱的理论极限值、瞬间攻击率均大于常规棉花。     

棉花节水灌溉气象等级指标

干旱是我国棉区主要的气象灾害,构建棉花不同发育期节水灌溉气象等级指标对于优化农田灌溉、指导农业生产具有十分重要的现实意义。论文基于农田水分平衡原理,利用全国347个地面气象观测站1961~2008年逐日气象资料、89个农业气象观测站1993~2008年（其中26个站为1980~2008年）逐旬土壤湿度、灌溉量、逐年作物产量等资料,结合FAO-1979作物产量-水分关系函数,针对全国棉区播种-现蕾、现蕾-开花、开花-吐絮和全生育期的水分亏缺率、水分亏缺量与减产率之间的关系,构建棉花不同发育期和全生育期节水灌溉气象等级指标。除发育时段不同外,其他在研究站点的选择、选取的因素等方面完全一致。结果表明：棉花全生育期节水灌溉气象Ⅰ~Ⅲ级水分亏缺率(D)和水分亏缺量（辅助指标）指标分别为：15%≤D＜30%、30%≤D＜45%、≥45%和1~2水、2~4水、≥4水;播种-现蕾为20%≤D＜40%、40%≤D＜50%、≥50%和0.5水、1水、＞1水;现蕾-开花为20%≤D＜35%、35%≤D＜45%、≥45%和0.5水、1水、＞1水;开花-吐絮为20%≤D＜35%、35%≤D＜50%、≥50%和1水、1~2水、＞2水。     

棉花幼苗对不同程度低温逆境的生理响应

以‘新陆早33号'(冷敏感)和‘中棉所50号’(高耐寒)棉花品种为材料,采用人工模拟低温方法,研究不同温度和时间处理下棉花幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的响应特征,探讨不同温度胁迫下棉花的抗逆机制.结果显示:(1)随胁迫温度降低、胁迫时间延长,两参试棉花品种幼苗遭受低温伤害的程度逐渐加剧,尤以5℃和0℃处理表现最为明显.(2)经15℃及10℃处理后,植株叶片REC、POD活性、SP和Pro含量总体上随胁迫时间延长而提高,MDA含量、APX活性和SS含量则先升后降,并均于处理24 h时达峰值;而在5℃及0℃处理下,REC和SOD、POD活性以及MDA、SS、SP含量迅速上升,APX活性、Pro含量则呈先升后降的变化趋势.(3)与‘新陆早33号,相比,‘中棉所50号’在各处理水平下均可保持更大的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量上升幅度.研究表明,在不同程度低温逆境中,棉花幼苗可通过调节抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,启动相应抗逆调节方式来维持代谢平衡,增强抗逆性;高耐寒性品种在低温逆境中具有更灵敏、高效的活性氧清除能力和渗透调节响应机制,从而有效抵御低温逆境伤害.     

盐胁迫下施肥对棉花生长及氮素利用的影响

利用海水配制不同含盐量(0、0.15%、0.3%)的土壤盆栽棉花,在可移动遮雨棚内研究了不同施肥(N、NK、NP、NPK)处理对棉花生长、氮素吸收与利用的影响.结果表明: 盐胁迫和施肥均影响棉花生物产量、棉株氮素农学利用效率、氮素生物利用效率和氮素积累量,且两者存在显著的互作效应.施肥能提高盐胁迫下棉株氮素利用效率及氮素积累量,并显著增产,不同施肥处理中以N、P、K肥料配合施用的效果最好;施肥效果受盐胁迫程度的影响,低盐胁迫(0.15%)下的施肥效果好于中度盐胁迫(0.3%).     

水氮运筹对膜下滴灌棉花光合特性及产量形成的影响

以不同基因型棉花品种为材料,在土柱栽培条件下研究膜下滴灌条件下水氮运筹方式对新疆棉花光合性能和产量构成的影响.结果表明： 播前灌溉+盛花期前限量滴灌+盛花期后充分滴灌,并配合氮肥基施20%+追施80%的水氮运筹方式（W₄N₂）下,盛花期叶片叶绿素含量、气孔导度（g_s）、净光合速率（P_n）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（Φ_PSⅡ）和光化学猝灭系数（q_P）均显著低于全生育期常规滴灌处理,非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）增加,地上部干物质累积量受到限制;盛铃期至吐絮期叶绿素含量、g_s、P_n、Φ_PSⅡ、q_P均随水氮供应量的提高而增大,地上部干物质产生超补偿积累,且有利于光合产物向棉铃的运转与分配.在氮肥基施20%+追施80%的施氮方式下,新陆早13号以播前灌溉+全生育期常规滴灌（W₃）处理的籽棉产量较高,新陆早43号以播前灌溉+盛花期前限量滴灌+盛花期后充分滴灌（W₄）处理籽棉产量最高.因此,在播前灌溉条件下适当减少盛花期前、增加生育中后期水氮供应,可以延长冠层叶片光合功能期,促进光合物质优先向生殖器官分配,充分发挥膜下滴灌棉花的增产潜力.