青藏高原东缘常见阔叶木本植物叶片性状对环境因子的响应

叶片性状-环境关系对于预测气候变化对植物的影响至关重要。该研究以青藏高原东缘常见阔叶木本植物为研究对象, 从47个样点采集了332个物种共666个种群的叶片, 测量了15个叶片性状, 调查了该区域木本植物叶片性状的变异程度, 并从种内和种间水平探讨了叶片性状对环境的响应及适应策略。结果表明, 反眏叶片大小的性状均具有较高的变异, 其中, 叶片面积是变异程度最大的性状。除气孔密度外, 大多数叶片性状与海拔显著相关。气候是叶片性状变异的重要驱动因素, 3.3%-29.5%的叶片性状变异由气候因子组合解释。其中, 气温对叶片性状变异解释度最高, 日照时间能解释大部分叶片性状的变异, 而降水量对叶片性状变异的解释度相对较小。与环境(海拔和气候因子)显著相关的叶片性状在种内明显少于种间水平, 可能是植物性状之间的协同变化与权衡使种内性状变异比较小, 从而减弱了种内叶片性状与环境因子的相关性。研究结果总体表明,叶片性状与木本植物对环境的适应策略密切相关, 植物通过选择小而厚的叶片和较短的叶柄以适应高海拔的 环境。     

孟印缅地区农田生产力脆弱性变化及气候影响机制——基于1982-2015年GIMMS3g植被指数

农田生产力对气候变化的敏感性决定了其脆弱性,全球气候变暖及极端气候频发将严重影响农业粮食生产,进而将可能影响区域粮食安全。科学评估农田生产力脆弱性并分析其气候影响机制有助于积极应对气候变化,保障区域粮食安全,具有重要的现实和科学意义。以"一带一路"区域的"孟中印缅经济走廊"为研究区,基于1982-2015年卫星遥感数据的归一化植被指数,根据IPCC脆弱性定义,采用年际变率及其变化趋势计算农田生产力对气候变化的敏感性、适应性和脆弱性指数,分时段分析研究区农田生态系统脆弱性空间格局变化及气候影响机制。结果表明：（1）较之1982-2000年,2000-2015年期间研究区农田脆弱性程度略有提升,高度和极度脆弱面积略有增加（分别增加0.42%和1.12%）,但其分布格局发生北移。（2）年降水、年平均气温和年辐射与年累积NDVI间线性回归分析表明,孟加拉和缅甸地区与气候因素显著相关的区域面积在本国农田面积中的比例分别增加21.3%和16.7%,而印度地区减少10.5%,全区减少8.1%;（3）线性回归方程的复相关系数（R²）表征气候变化的解释能力,整个研究区增加12%,其中印度气候解释能力从48%提升至64%,增加16%。（4）农田生产力脆弱性受气候影响的范围略有减小,但影响程度增大,且存在较大的区域性差异;高温和降水季节不均引发的旱涝灾害是农田高脆弱度形成的两个关键气候因素。为该地区农业应对气候变化适应性管理措施的提出及决策提供了科学依据,有效支撑"一带一路"建设;也为其他地区应用卫星遥感开展脆弱性研究提供了方法参考,为生态系统对全球变化响应研究提供重要知识参考。     

近10年湖北省植被指数时空变化特征及其驱动力

为了明确湖北省植被长势变化特征及其影响因子,研究利用Landsat影像提取2005年、2010年以及2015年湖北省景观类型信息,分析近10年来景观时空变化特征;基于2005-2015年夏季MODIS/NDVI数据,采用一元线性回归、Theil-Sen median趋势、Mann-Kendall检验等分析方法对NDVI时空变化特征及其显著性进行探讨;采用最小二乘法对NDVI与气候之间的相关关系进行分析。使用DMSP/OLS和NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据探讨NDVI与人类经济活动之间的关系。结果表明：研究区景观类型变化以建设用地和耕地为主。耕地面积呈现逐年减少的趋势,主要转变为建设用地。建设用地面积不断增多,主要由耕地和林地转变而来,集中在武汉、荆州、襄阳城市圈;研究区NDVI值整体上表现为西高东低,以林地为主的十堰、恩施等地区NDVI值较高,以建设用地为主的武汉、襄阳、荆州等地区NDVI值较低;整体上NDVI变化呈轻微改善趋势,局部地区下降明显,鄂西北、鄂西南等地区NDVI稍有上升,武汉城市圈植被呈退化趋势;NDVI与降水量、气温的相关性均较弱,气候因子不是该区NDVI变化的主导因子;NDVI与夜间灯光亮度值呈显著负相关,相关系数达-0.8030,整体上人类经济活动与NDVI呈负相关关系,且有着分区性的特点,在武汉、襄阳等以建设用地为主的地区人类经济活动对NDVI起抑制作用,而在恩施、十堰等林地为主的地区人类活动对NDVI起促进作用。人类社会经济活动是影响研究区景观格局和植被变化的重要驱动力,城镇化扩张是湖北省植被变化的主要原因。     

高盆樱桃与钟花樱桃的地理分布模拟及生态特征比较分析

该研究以高盆樱桃(Cerasus cerasoides)及其近缘种钟花樱桃(C. campanulata)为对象,通过收集其实际分布的地理坐标,运用BIOCLIM模型模拟现代适生区范围并预测其未来气候下(CCM3,2100)潜在分布区的变化; 结合主成分分析和相关性分析确定其主导气候因子,并比较两者在气候限制因子方面的差异; 利用受试者工作特征曲线(Receiver operation characteristic, ROC)评估模型预测效果。结果表明:(1)高盆樱桃和钟花樱桃主要分布于我国长江以南大部分省区,两者现代分布中心分布位于云贵高原,武夷山脉和南岭山脉。(2)未来气候变化情境下(CCM3),高盆樱桃和钟花樱桃的适生范围将缩小。二者在中国西南部(高盆樱桃)和东南部(钟花樱桃)的适生范围可能大幅减小,而钟花樱桃在湖南西部的适生区可能增加。(3)主成分(PCA)及相关性分析表明,年降水量(bio12)、最湿季降水量(bio16)、最暖季降水量(bio18)、温度季节变化方差(bio4)是影响高盆樱桃及钟花樱桃当下适生区的主要气候因子,“热量变异幅度”是造成二者分布存在差异的最主要环境因子。(4)钟花樱桃(0.816)和高盆樱桃(0.799)的AUC值均高于随机测试(0.500),说明BIOCLIM模型可以准确预测高盆樱桃及钟花樱桃的分布。这为高盆樱桃和钟花樱桃资源保护、物种鉴定和谱系地理学的研究提供重要指导。     

A natural heating experiment: Phenotypic and genotypic responses of plant phenology to geothermal soil warming

Under global warming, the survival of many populations of sedentary organisms in seasonal environments will largely depend on their ability to cope with warming in situ by means of phenotypic plasticity or adaptive evolution. This is particularly true in high‐latitude environments, where current growing seasons are short, and expected temperature increases large. In such short‐growing season environments, the timing of growth and reproduction is critical to survival. Here, we use the unique setting provided by a natural geothermal soil warming gradient (Hengill geothermal area, Iceland) to study the response of Cerastium fontanum flowering phenology to temperature. We hypothesized that trait expression and phenotypic selection on flowering phenology are related to soil temperature, and tested the hypothesis that temperature‐driven differences in selection on phenology have resulted in genetic differentiation using a common garden experiment. In the field, phenology was related to soil temperature, with plants in warmer microsites flowering earlier than plants at colder microsites. In the common garden, plants responded to spring warming in a counter‐gradient fashion; plants originating from warmer microsites flowered relatively later than those originating from colder microsites. A likely explanation for this pattern is that plants from colder microsites have been selected to compensate for the shorter growing season by starting development at lower temperatures. However, in our study we did not find evidence of variation in phenotypic selection on phenology in relation to temperature, but selection consistently favoured early flowering. Our results show that soil temperature influences trait expression and suggest the existence of genetically based variation in flowering phenology leading to counter‐gradient local adaptation along a gradient of soil temperatures. An important implication of our results is that observed phenotypic responses of phenology to global warming might often be a combination of short‐term plastic responses and long‐term evolutionary responses, acting in different directions.     

Approach velocity and impingement duration influences the mortality of juvenile Golden Perch (Macquaria ambigua) at a fish exclusion screen

Globally, the extraction and diversion of water from river systems has had substantial impacts on aquatic ecosystem health and ecological processes. One such impact is the entrainment of fish at pump offtakes that can result in vast quantities of fish being permanently removed from rivers. Exclusion screens to prevent fish entrainment at pump offtakes are therefore an important management consideration. In this study, impingement and subsequent injury and mortality of a juvenile freshwater perciform, Golden Perch (Macquaria ambigua), was assessed in the laboratory using a simulated fish exclusion screen under a range of velocities and impingement durations. A 2 mm wedge‐wire screen eliminated the entrainment of 44‐day‐old Golden Perch that were exposed to approach velocities between 0.05 and 0.3 m/s. However, impingement rates of Golden Perch increased significantly with increased approach velocities and rates of injury and mortality increased with impingement duration. Results from this study indicate the primary mechanisms to reduce fish loss at pump offtakes are to design pump offtakes, fitted with fish exclusion screens, which limit approach velocities or impingement duration. Further studies are required to examine a range of species with varying swimming ability at early life‐history stages. Such data will contribute to the growing body of knowledge that supports adaptive management plans to prevent fish loss at water offtake pumps.     

特发性面神经麻痹患者的运动单位数目评估与临床

目的:通过对特发性面神经麻痹患者的运动单位数目估计,并与常规面神经传导速度相结合,评估病情的严重程度,以期指导临床治疗和评价预后。方法:纳入我院诊断的特发性面神经麻痹患者32例,分别于发病第3天、第7天、第14天、1个月、3个月给予电生理检查,包括面神经传导速度、眼轮匝肌和口轮匝肌的运动单位数目估计,并与健侧做对比。根据House-Brackmann面神经功能分级再将入组患者分为轻(Ⅱ级)、中(Ⅲ级)、重度(Ⅳ～Ⅵ级)三组。同时纳入10名健康成年人作对照组,检测方法相同。结果:发病第3天、第7天32例患者全部出现患侧运动波幅下降,与健侧对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。于发病第14天开始,患者运动波幅开始逐渐恢复,至3个月时,绝大部分患者运动波幅与健侧对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。而运动单位数目的减少在整个病程中与健侧相比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05),第14天、1个月、3个月运动波幅开始恢复时,运动单位数目并未随之恢复,且与运动波幅不呈线性关系,与临床症状也不成正比关系。面神经运动单位数目下降的程度与患者面神经运动波幅的恢复呈正相关。结论:运动单位数目估计检查应用于特发性面神经麻痹患者,可以反映病情的严重程度,并能在一定程度上评估预后。     

气象因素对芒果蓟马种群数量动态的影响

明确芒果园中蓟马复合种种群动态与气象因子之间的关系。用粘虫板定期定点监测芒果园中蓟马的种群消长情况;通过相关分析、主成分分析和灰色关联分析,分析其与气象因素的关系。芒果花期蓟马种群数量为全年发生高峰。相关分析结果表明,监测日蓟马种群数量与日平均气温(℃)、日最大风速(m/s)显著正相关,与日最低气温(℃)显著负相关。芒果花期蓟马种群数量与2月降水量(mm)、3月平均风速(m/s)、1-2月平均气温(℃)、2月月均最高、最低气温(℃)、2-3月平均相对湿度(%)及1-3月平均最小相对湿度(%)显著相关。主成分分析表明,月平均温度(℃)和月最低气温(℃)是影响蓟马种群动态的主要因素,对蓟马种群动态的影响达56.0%。灰色关联分析表明,月均最低气温(℃)对芒果蓟马种群数量影响最大。月最低气温(℃)和月平均温度(℃)是影响芒果园中蓟马复合种种群数量动态的主要气象因素。芒果蓟马复合种种群数量受食物、种群扩散、天敌、自身繁殖和气候因素的共同影响。     

Biological characterization of the skin of shortfin mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus and preliminary study of the hydrodynamic behaviour through computational fluid dynamics

This study characterized the morphology, density and orientation of the dermal denticles along the body of a shortfin mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus and identified the hydrodynamic parameters of its body through a computational fluid‐dynamics model. The study showed a great variability in the morphology, size, shape, orientation and density of dermal denticles along the body of I. oxyrinchus. There was a significant higher density in dorsal and ventral areas of the body and their highest angular deviations were found in the lower part of the mouth and in the areas between the pre‐caudal pit and the second dorsal and pelvic fins. A detailed three‐dimensional geometry from a scanned body of a shark was carried out to evaluate the hydrodynamic properties such as drag coefficient, lift coefficient and superficial (skin) friction coefficient of the skin together with flow velocity field, according to different roughness coefficients simulating the effect of the dermal denticles. This preliminary approach contributed to detailed information of the denticle interactions. As the height of the denticles was increased, flow velocity and the effect of lift decreased whereas drag increased. The highest peaks of skin friction coefficient were observed around the pectoral fins.     

Spatial patterns in the diet of the Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata and their environmental determinants

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