中国南部石灰岩濒危植物的初步研究

本文所说中国南部石灰岩地区主要指广西、云南、贵州三省的石灰岩地区,这一地区以其植物的多样性和岩溶特有性而闻名。本文对这一地区的植被和植物保护现状、自然屎护区状况、植物濒危原因筹进行了初步考察和研究。     

湖北竹溪植被的基本特征

竹溪县现有种子植物１２７科４８３属８６３种。地理成分复杂,联系广泛,以温带成分占主导地位,占非世界分布属的６４．８３％,热带分布属则占２９．３９％,木本植物占种子植物总数的４２．５９％,主要植补类型计７个植补型组,１０个植被型,４９个联系。地处竹溪中南部的云雾溪是目前亚热带区域保存较为完整,具有多方面保护价值的综合区,建议辟为自然保护区。     

重庆维管植物1个新记录属和5个新记录种

通过野外调查、资料查阅及馆藏标本比对,确定了重庆维管植物1个新记录属——水东哥属（Saurauia Willd.）及其新记录种——水东哥（Saurauia tristyla DC.）,另4个维管植物新记录种分别是二褶羊耳蒜（Liparis cathcartii Hook. f.）、莸状黄芩（Scutellaria caryopteroides Hand.-Mazz.）、白鳞酢浆草（Oxalis leucolepis Diels）、包氏凤仙花（Impatiens bodinieri Hook. f.）。文中描述了物种识别特征、标本引证和地理分布,提供了原生境照片。引证标本均收藏于西南大学自然博物馆植物标本室（SWNTU）。     

广西北部湾海岸带、海岛的外来入侵植物

为保护广西北部湾海岸带、海岛的植物多样性和生态系统多样性,通过样方、样带法野外实地调查并结合文献资料,对其外来入侵植物的物种组成、原产地、生活型、入侵途径和危害状况等进行了分析。结果表明,广西北部湾海岸带、海岛共有入侵植物64种,隶属28科55属,其中菊科(Asteraceae)最多(15种)。草本植物最多,有48种(75.00%)。原产地来自美洲的植物最多,有49种。入侵风险等级可划分为5个等级,其中Ⅰ级严重危害的有8种(12.50%)。与广西、广东、海南及华南地区的外来入侵植物在物种组成、生活型和原产地等方面呈现出较强的相似性;北部湾与广西中越边境内陆地区来自美洲的入侵植物都超过60%。因此推测广西外来入侵植物有两条可能的入侵线路：一是从海南登录,二是从中越边境跨入。广西北部湾海岸带、海岛的外来入侵植物总数(相对整个广西)虽较少,但其8种Ⅰ级严重危害植物的防治,仍需引起重视。     

警惕新外来入侵害虫——股带针蓟马Hercinothrips femoralis(缨翅目：蓟马科)

【目的】股带针蓟马,又称温室条带蓟马,是一种多食性农业害虫,寄主超过50种,在一些国家被列为检疫性生物。2020年9月,在北京发现其成虫和幼虫危害海芋叶片,本文介绍了其形态特征、分子鉴定数据、分布地区及寄主植物等数据,以期为其准确鉴定和防治提供参考。【方法】采用拍打法收集标本;采用非破坏性方法提取单头蓟马DNA,扩增线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶Ⅰ基因(COⅠ)的部分序列,进行分子鉴定和系统发育分析;制作永久玻片进行形态鉴定。【结果】结合形态和分子数据鉴定其为股带针蓟马,是中国新记录属、种,海芋是该种新记录的寄主植物。股带针蓟马与该属其他种的主要区别在于该种前翅的亚中部浅色带比端部暗带短。COⅠ分子序列分析表明,北京种群与国外种群聚集成一个分支,序列相似性高达100%。【结论】应采取进一步调查、监测和管理措施,防止该种外来有害蓟马的传播。     

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Properties of Extracts from Three Underutilized Food Plants of North East India

Three underutilized leafy vegetables Sarcochlamys pulcherrima (Roxb.) Gaudich (SP), Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. (IA) and Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC (ZR) were extracted with different solvents viz. 95 % ethyl alcohol, methanol and hot water. The extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant potential via DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay along with electroanalytical studies using cyclic voltammetry. The antidiabetic potential was determined by recording their α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) based phytochemical profiles of the extracts were also determined. All three extracts of SP exhibited significant antioxidant capacity. The antidiabetic potential of the IA and ZR extracts was found to be higher than or at par with that of standard acarbose. LC/MS studies reveal the presence of hitherto reported antioxidant and antidiabetic compounds like gamma-aminobutyric acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, α-viniferin, piperlonguminine, niacin, kaempferol, etc., in the extracts.     

Isolation of Two Plasticizers,Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Terephthalate and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate,from Capparis spinosa L. Leaves

Many plants have been known to be contaminated and accumulate plasticizers from the environment, including water sources, soil, and atmosphere. Plasticizers are used to confer elasticity and flexibility to various fiber and plastic products. Consumption of plasticizers can lead to many adverse effects on human health, including reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, and cancer. Herein, we report for the first time that two plasticizers, bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), have been isolated from the leaves of Capparis spinosa L. (the caper bush), a plant that is widely used in food seasonings and traditional medicine. 297 mg/kg of DEHT and 48 mg/kg of DEHP were isolated from dried and grounded C. spinosa L. leaves using column chromatography and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Our study adds to the increase in the detection of plasticizers in our food and medicinal plants and to the alarming concern about their potential adverse effects on human health.     

Maize Rabl7 overexpression in Arabidopsis plants promotes osmotic stress tolerance

Rabl7 is a Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) protein from maize, which accumulates largely during embryogenesis and also in vegetative tissues when subjected to stress conditions. We have analysed the effect of Rab 17 expression under a constitutive promoter in vegetative tissues of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. These transgenic plants have higher sugar and proline contents, and also higher water loss rate under water stress. In addition, these plants are more tolerant than non-transformed controls to high salinity and recover faster from mannitol treatment. Our results point to a protective effect of Rabl7 protein in vegetative tissues under osmotic stress conditions.     

Mutual support and selection between branches of damaged plants

Snow (1931) showed that the fate of a branch of a plant that had suffered local herbivory could be determined by correlative effects of other branches. This neglected work was continued in the current study, herbivory being simulated by the removal of leaves of different ages from pea plants with two branches. A damaged branch was suppressed when an undamaged alternative branch was present; otherwise the damage never prevented continued development. The removal of mature leaves had a smaller effect than the removal of immature, expanding leaves. When leaves were removed from both branches it was the branches that suffered less damage to their immature leaves that continued shoot development. Branches from which all photosynthetic leaves were repeatedly removed developed only when they retained their immature leaves and remained dominant, inhibiting the development — but not the photosynthesis — of the other branch on the same plant. Accounting for these results requires mechanisms that compare the different branches of the plant and select for development the ones that have the greatest potential for future, rather than present, photosynthesis. It is concluded that a compartmentalized or sectorial distribution of essential substrates can be modified by correlative relations that are probably mediated by hormones.