Organization of the coelomic lining and a juxtaposed nerve plexus in the suckered tube feet of Parastichopus californicus (Echinodermata: Holothuroida)

The coelomic lining of the water-vascular canal in a suckered tube foot from the sea cucumber, Parastichopus californicus, is a pseudostratified myoepithelium consisting of flagellated adluminal cells and myofilament-bearing retractor cells. The bodies of adluminal cells flank the water-vascular canal and send basal processes between the underlying retractor cells to confront the podial connective tissue. Retractor cells have a contractile apparatus of unregistered thick and thin myofilaments. The contractile apparatus is confined to the medullary sarcoplasm and oriented parallel to the primary axis of a tube foot. The bodies and processes of retractor cells intermingle with the basal processes of adluminal cells at the basal lamina of the coelomic lining. A ganglionated nerve plexus in the podial connective tissue approximates the basal lamina. Neuronal connectives link the ganglia to one another and to the nerve plexus in deep sectors of the podial epidermis. External laminae enveloping the ganglia and connectives in the podial connective tissue are continuous with the basal lamina of the epidermis. The adventitial nerve plexus, since it merges with the epidermal nerve plexus, is a component of the ectoneural division of the echinoderm nervous system.     

IL-9 enhances growth of ICC, maintains network structure and strengthens rhythmicity of contraction in culture

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) play a critical role in the control of gastrointestinal motility as pacemaker cells and as regulators of enteric innervation. ICC are one of the first cell types that are injured during an inflammatory process and maintenance of ICC health or promotion of growth and development maybe crucial in recovery after injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of IL-9 in the growth, development and maintenance of ICC in culture. IL-9 in concentrations from 0.02 to 1 microg/ml promoted individual ICC growth and maintenance of the ICC network structure inside tissue explants under culture conditions. The number of ICC grown out of the explants increased significantly at day 4 of culture in the presence of 0.02, 0.5 and 1 microg/ml IL-9. In the presence of 0.5 microg/ml IL-9, explants in culture maintained a higher frequency and stabilized the frequency of spontaneous contractile activity. The ultrastructure of the ICC after 4 days in culture was similar to that in situ. Our data indicate that IL-9 promotes ICC growth in culture and it can be hypothesized that IL-9 is a critical factor in the maintenance of ICC health and ICC repair after injury.     

Collagen IX is required for the integrity of collagen II fibrils and the regulation of vascular plexus formation in Zebrafish caudal fins

Capillary plexuses form during both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis and are remodeled into mature vessel types and patterns which are delicately orchestrated with the sizes and shapes of other tissues and organs. We isolated a zebrafish mutation named prp (for persistent plexus) that causes persistent formation of vascular plexuses in the caudal fins and consequent mispatterning of bony fin rays and the fin shape. Detailed analyses revealed that the prp mutation causes a significant reduction in the size and dramatic structural defects in collagen II-rich extracellular matrices called actinotrichia of both embryonic finfolds and adult fins. prp was mapped to chromosome 19 and found to encode the zebrafish collagen9α1 (col9α1) gene which is abundantly expressed in developing finfolds. A point mutation resulting in a leucine-to-histidine change was detected in the thrombospondin domain of the col9α1 gene in prp. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of col9α1 phenocopied the prp small-finfold phenotype in wild-type embryos, and an injection of plasmids containing the col9α1 cDNA into prp embryos locally restored the finfold size. Furthermore, we found that osteoblasts in prp mutants were mispatterned apparently following the abnormal vascular plexus pattern, demonstrating that blood vessels play an important role in the patterning of bony rays in zebrafish caudal fins.     

Ontogeny of limb proportions in late through final Jomon period foragers

This study reports on developmental patterning in the intralimb indices of Late/Final Jomon period (4000-2300 BP) people. Jomon foragers represent the descendants of migrants from Northeast Asia, who arrived in the Japanese Islands around 20,000 BP. Among adults, Jomon brachial indices are elevated and similar to warm adapted, low latitude people, while crural indices are intermediate and similar to people from moderate latitudes. Two hypotheses regarding the development of intralimb indices among Jomon period foragers are tested: (1) intralimb indices of Jomon people maintain predicted ecogeographic relationships over ontogeny; (2) greater evolvability will be observed in the brachial index, while greater developmental constraint will be observed in the crural index. Changes in intralimb proportions in a Jomon skeletal growth series are compared to those in two contrasting samples: Inuit from Point Hope (cold adapted) and Nubians from Kulubnarti (warm adapted). A quadratic equation best describes the ontogeny of brachial and crural indices, with high indices in infancy followed by a decline in childhood and an increase in adolescence. Despite these shifts, ecogeographically predicted differences and similarities in the indices are maintained between samples throughout ontogeny. In addition, radial relative to humeral length is significantly less correlated than tibial relative to femoral length. These results suggest genetic conservation of intralimb indices over the course of development. However, radial and humeral lengths are less correlated than tibial and femoral lengths among Jomon subadults and adults, potentially suggesting greater evolvability of the brachial index and more developmental constraint on the crural index.     

Gastrin releasing peptides increase Fos-like immunoreactivity in the enteric nervous system and the dorsal vagal complex

We and others have shown that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) reduces food intake. In this study, we determined the activation of the gastrointestinal and dorsal vagal complex (DVC) neurons by various forms of GRP to determine the pathway involved in this reduction. We found the following: (1) GRP-10, -27 and -29 (2.1 nmol/kg, i.p.) increased the Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI, a marker for neuronal activation) in the myenteric neurons of the stomach and the area postrema (AP) of the DVC; (2) GRP-27 and GRP-29 increased the Fos-LI in the myenteric plexus of the duodenum; and (3) only GRP-29 increased the Fos-LI in the submucosal plexus of the duodenum. In conclusion, GRP may reduce food intake by activating the area postrema. The enteric neurons may have a potential role in this reduction through the direct activation of the AP or exerting local gut actions, such as the stimulation of gut motility or secretions.     

超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞联合全身麻醉对老年髋关节置换术患者认知功能、氧化应激和血流动力学的影响

摘要 目的：探讨超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞联合全身麻醉对老年髋关节置换术患者认知功能、氧化应激和血流动力学的影响。方法：选取2018年1月~2020年1月期间我院收治的80例行髋关节置换术的老年患者,采用随机数字表法分为对照组（全身麻醉）和研究组（全身麻醉基础上联合超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞）各40例。比较两组患者认知功能、氧化应激、血流动力学、疼痛情况及不良反应。结果：两组麻醉前~术毕清醒时心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、脉搏血氧饱和度 （SpO₂）均呈先下降后升高趋势（P<0.05）;研究组麻醉10 min后SpO₂、MAP、HR高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术前1 d~术后3 d超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）呈降低后升高趋势,丙二醛（MDA）呈升高后降低趋势（P<0.05）;研究组术后1 d、术后3 d的SOD高于对照组,MDA低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术前1 d~术后3 d简易智能状态量表（MMSE）评分呈先降低后升高趋势,但研究组术后1 d、术后3 d评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率对比无差异（P>0.05）。研究组术后1 h、术后12 h、术后24 h视觉疼痛模拟评分法（VAS）评分低于对照组（P<0.05）;两组术后48 h VAS评分比较无差异（P>0.05）。结论：老年髋关节置换术中应用超声引导下腰骶丛神经阻滞联合全身麻醉,可有效减轻机体血流波动、氧化应激以及对认知功能的损害,同时还可减轻患者术后早期疼痛,且安全性较好。     

GABA and glutamate immunoreactivity in tentacles of the sea anemone Phymactis papillosa (LESSON 1830)

Sea anemones have a structurally simple nervous system that controls behaviors like feeding, locomotion, aggression, and defense. Specific chemical and tactile stimuli are transduced by ectodermal sensory cells and transmitted via a neural network to cnidocytes and epithelio‐muscular cells, but the nature of the neurotransmitters operating in these processes is still under discussion. Previous studies demonstrated an important role of peptidergic transmission in cnidarians, but during the last decade the contribution of conventional neurotransmitters became increasingly evident. Here, we used immunohistochemistry on light and electron microscopical preparations to investigate the localization of glutamate and GABA in tentacle cross‐sections of the sea anemone Phymactis papillosa. Our results demonstrate strong glutamate immunoreactivity in the nerve plexus, while GABA labeling was most prominent in the underlying epithelio‐muscular layer. Immunoreactivity for both molecules was also found in glandular epithelial cells, and putative sensory cells were GABA positive. Under electron microscopy, both glutamate and GABA immunogold labeling was found in putative neural processes within the neural plexus. These data support a function of glutamate and GABA as signaling molecules in the nervous system of sea anemones. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Simulating Pancreatic Neuroplasticity: In Vitro Dual-neuron Plasticity Assay

Neuroplasticity is an inherent feature of the enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal (GI) innervation under pathological conditions. However, the pathophysiological role of neuroplasticity in GI disorders remains unknown. Novel experimental models which allow simulation and modulation of GI neuroplasticity may enable enhanced appreciation of the contribution of neuroplasticity in particular GI diseases such as pancreatic cancer (PCa) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Here, we present a protocol for simulation of pancreatic neuroplasticity under in vitro conditions using newborn rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and myenteric plexus (MP) neurons. This dual-neuron approach not only permits monitoring of both organ-intrinsic and -extrinsic neuroplasticity, but also represents a valuable tool to assess neuronal and glial morphology and electrophysiology. Moreover, it allows functional modulation of supplied microenvironmental contents for studying their impact on neuroplasticity. Once established, the present neuroplasticity assay bears the potential of being applicable to the study of neuroplasticity in any GI organ.     

中频电刺激腹股沟血管丛对下肢近端血液循环变化的初步探讨

目的:探讨中频电刺激股沟血管丛对下肢血液循环的影响.方法:32名健康男性随机分为2组,将LDF探头、热敏探头以双面胶固定在受试者右膝关节内侧上方5cm处,电流强度为感觉阈上.一组接受调制中频电刺激,另一组是对照组.刺激时间为20分钟,休息15分钟后,连续监测时间为30分钟,每5分钟为一个时间段,生理信号记录的是第一个5分钟、第三个5分钟、第五个5分钟、第六个5分钟共四次.记录指标为皮肤表面血流量、表面温度和心率变异性(HRV).结果:研究表明,皮肤表面温度、血流量、HRV的LF值随时间间隔出现明显变化,HF与LF/HF并没有显著变化;调制中频电组的部分指标与对照组有显著性差异.结论:调制中频电组效果优于空白对照组,阈上强度的中频电刺激腹股沟血管丛能够明显改善下肢血液循环,防止下肢出现水肿或麻木的情况.     

经肱动脉途径冠状动脉介入治疗并发症的预防及处理

目的:评价130例次经肱动脉途径冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI术)局部并发症情况.方法:连续入选2009年3月至2011年12月我院经肱动脉途径冠状动脉PCI术的病例130例次.分析经肱动脉介入治疗操作并发症情况.结果:共24例患者发生了局部并发症,并发症发生率为18.5％.其中穿刺局部发生血肿22例(16.9％),其中1例合并骨筋膜室综合征及正中神经损伤(0.8％),局部神经损伤1例(0.8％),假性动脉瘤1例(0.8％).经处理后血肿全部吸收,最后仍有1例正中神经损伤和1例假性动脉瘤未能完全康复.结论:经肱动脉途径冠状动脉PCI术并发症发生率较高,熟悉肱动脉穿刺方法、掌握标准的压迫止血包扎方案、术后肢体夹板制动、并对其并发症有足够的认识和处理对策的充分准备可以减少并发症及其不良后果的发生.