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91.
92.
Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) substitutes simulation for analytic models in Bayesian inference. Simulating evolutionary scenarios under Kimura’s stepping stone model (KSS) might therefore allow inference over spatial genetic process where analytical results are difficult to obtain. ABC first creates a reference set of simulations and would proceed by comparing summary statistics over KSS simulations to summary statistics from localities sampled in the field, but: comparison of which localities and stepping stones? Identical stepping stones can be arranged so two localities fall in the same stepping stone, nearest or diagonal neighbours, or without contact. None is intrinsically correct, yet some choice must be made and this affects inference. We explore a Bayesian strategy for mapping field observations onto discrete stepping stones. We make Sundial, for projecting field data onto the plane, available. We generalize KSS over regular tilings of the plane. We show Bayesian averaging over the mapping between a continuous field area and discrete stepping stones improves the fit between KSS and isolation by distance expectations. We make Tiler Durden available for carrying out this Bayesian averaging. We describe a novel parameterization of KSS based on Wright’s neighbourhood size, placing an upper bound on the geographic area represented by a stepping stone and make it available as m Vector. We generalize spatial coalescence recursions to continuous and discrete space cases and use these to numerically solve for KSS coalescence previously examined only using simulation. We thus provide applied and analytical resources for comparison of stepping stone simulations with field observations. 相似文献
93.
94.
We investigated the effect of preconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat bladder. Rat abdominal aorta was clamped with a small clip to induce ischemia-reperfusion injury in the bladder. Twelve-week-old male SD rats were divided into three groups; sham-operated control (Cont), 30 min ischemia-60 min reperfusion (IR) and three times of 5 min ischemia and then 30 min ischemia-60 min reperfusion (PC) groups. The bladder functions were estimated by cystometric and functional studies. Contractile response curves to increasing concentrations of carbachol were constructed in the absence and presence of various concentrations of subtype selective muscarinic antagonists, i.e. atropine (non-selective), pirenzepine (M1 selective), methoctramine (M2 selective), and 4-DAMP (M1/M3 selective). We also measured tissue levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and examined possible histological changes in these rats' bladders. Preconditioning partially prevented the reduction of bladder dysfunction induced by ischemia-reperfusion. Estimation of the pA2 values for atropine, pirenzepine, methoctramine, and 4-DAMP indicates that the carbachol-induced contractile response in bladder dome is mediated through the M3 receptor subtype in all groups. The MDA concentration in the IR group was significantly larger than that of the control group, and preconditioning significantly reduced MDA production in the bladder. In histological studies, the ischemia-reperfusion with or without preconditioning caused infiltration of leukocytes and rupture of microcirculation in the regions of submucosa and smooth muscle without a corresponding sloughing of mucosal cells. Our data indicate that preconditioning has a beneficial effect on ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat bladder. 相似文献
95.
Yamada T Konno N Matsuda K Uchiyama M 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2007,177(5):503-508
In our previous study, it was suggested that ANP and cGMP may increase Na+ absorption in the urinary bladder of the Japanese tree frog, Hyla japonica. Thus, Na+ transport activated by ANP was investigated electrophysiologically by using a cell-attached patch-clamp technique in freshly
isolated cells from the urinary bladder. A predominant channel expressed was a low conductance Na+ channel in the epithelial cells. The channel exhibited conductance for inward currents of 4.9 ± 0.2 pS, long open and closed
times (c.a. 190 ms), and positive reversal potential. The channel activity was decreased under the pipette solution including
10−6 M amiloride. These characteristics were similar to those of amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels (ENaC). Addition of 10−9 M ANP activated and significantly increased the ENaC activity from 0.58 ± 0.09 to 1.47 ± 0.34. On the other hand, mean amplitudes
and conductance of single channel did not change significantly after the addition of ANP. Addition of 10−5 M 8-Br-cGMP also activated the ENaC and significantly increased the channel activity from 0.56 ± 0.10 to 2.00 ± 0.33. The
addition of ANP failed to activate the ENaC in the presence of 10−6 M amiloride. These results suggested that ANP and cGMP activate Na+ transport via ENaC in the epithelial cells of frog urinary bladder. 相似文献
96.
We attempted to identify parasite DNA in the biliary stones of humans via PCR and DNA sequencing. Genomic DNA was isolated from each of 15 common bile duct (CBD) stones and 5 gallbladder (GB) stones. The patients who had the CBD stones suffered from cholangitis, and the patients with GB stones showed acute cholecystitis, respectively. The 28S and 18S rDNA genes were amplified successfully from 3 and/or 1 common bile duct stone samples, and then cloned and sequenced. The 28S and 18S rDNA sequences were highly conserved among isolates. Identity of the obtained 28S D1 rDNA with that of Clonorchis sinensis was higher than 97.6%, and identity of the 18S rDNA with that of other Ascarididae was 97.9%. Almost no intra-specific variations were detected in the 28S and 18S rDNA with the exception of a few nucleotide variations, i.e., substitution and deletion. These findings suggest that C. sinensis and Ascaris lumbricoides may be related with the biliary stone formation and development. 相似文献
97.
Malaivijitnond S Lekprayoon C Tandavanittj N Panha S Cheewatham C Hamada Y 《American journal of primatology》2007,69(2):227-233
In January and March of 2005, we conducted surveys of long-tailed macaques at Piak Nam Yai Island, Laem Son National Park (9 degrees N 34-35', 98 degrees E 28'), Ranong Province, situated in southern Thailand. Two of the three troops of long-tailed macaques found on the island were observed using axe-shaped stones to crack rock oysters, detached gastropods (Thais tissoti, Petit, 1852), bivalves (Gafrarium divaricatum, Gmelin, 1791), and swimming crabs (Thalamita danae, Stimpson, 1858). They smashed the shells with stones that were held in either the left or right hand, while using the opposite hand to gather the oyster meat. Some monkeys used both hands to handle the stones. According to Matsuzawa's 1996 hierarchical classification of tool usage (levels 0-3), the tool usage by Thai long-tailed macaques could be characterized as either level 1 (cracking rock oysters with stones) or level 2 (cracking drifting mollusks and crabs with stones by placing them on a rock). Our discovery of stone-tool usage by Thai long-tailed macaques provides a new point of reference for discussions regarding the evolution of tool usage and the material culture of primates. 相似文献
98.
Bladder cancer-associated protein gene (BLCAP) is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene identified from the human bladder
carcinoma. Our previous studies have shown that BLCAP overexpression could inhibit cell growth by inducing apoptosis in HeLa
cells [Zuo Z, Zhao M, Liu J, Gao G, Wu X: Tumor Biol 27: 221–226, 2006]. Such evidence suggests the alterations in BLCAP may
play an important role in tumorigenesis. To further study the biological function of the BLCAP gene, we constructed a recombinant
retroviral vector encoding BLCAP cDNA. Overexpressed BLCAP, via stable infection of exogenous BLCAP, resulted in growth inhibition
of the human tongue cancer cell line Tca8113 in vitro, accompanied by S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The growth inhibition was correlated with up-regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression and down-regulation of Bcl-XL and Bcl-2 expressions. However, p53 expression and NF-κB activity remained unchanged
post infection. Furthermore, no changes in p53 phosphorylation at Ser46 and nuclear localization, which are critical to p53
function, were observed in BLCAP-overexpressed cells. Taken together, BLCAP may play a role not only in regulating cell proliferation
but also in coordinating apoptosis and cell cycle via a novel way independent of p53 and NF-κB.
Jun Yao and Li Duan contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
99.
Miyake M Sugano K Kawashima K Ichikawa H Hirabayashi K Kodama T Fujimoto H Kakizoe T Kanai Y Fujimoto K Hirao Y 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2007,362(4):865-871
Somatic mutations of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene were detected by peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-mediated real-time PCR clamping. Mutation was detected in negative control containing only wild-type DNA due to a misincorporation of dNTPs to PNA binding sites when the amount of template DNA was decreased to 1 ng. Thus, the amount of template DNA was critical determinant of the assay sensitivity in PNA-mediated PCR clamping. Assay conditions were optimized to detect FGFR3 mutations in exons 7, 10, and 15, at a concentration of more than 1% mutated DNA using 50 ng of genomic DNA as the template. Mutations were detected in 12 of 13 (92.3%) tumor tissues and 11 of 13 (84.6%) urine samples from patients with superficial bladder cancer, while no mutations were detected in tissues and/or urine samples from patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer or chronic cystitis. 相似文献
100.
T.L. D.C. Maneval W.F. Benedict S.F. Wen P.M. Ihnat H. Engler R.J. Connor 《Cytokine & growth factor reviews》2007,18(5-6):389
Intravesical administration of interferon alpha-2b protein (IFN) has been successfully used in the treatment of patients with superficial bladder tumors. Local dosing of IFN minimizes well-known systemic side effects of the drug, but exposure to bladder tumors is limited by the duration of instillation and transient concentrations achieved in the urothelium. Intravesical delivery of the gene encoding interferon results in an alternative strategy for IFN-based therapy of the disease, enabling sustained exposure of IFN protein that results from production by tumor and non-tumor cells in the urothelium. Efficient gene delivery and expression of IFN has been achieved using a recombinant adenovirus gene delivery system (rAd-IFN) in conjunction with the novel small molecule excipient Syn3. Studies with rAd-IFN/Syn3 in animal models result in urine concentrations of IFN that persisted for weeks and correlated with potent anti-tumor effects. The objective of this review is to communicate the rationale and preclinical findings that support ongoing clinical investigation of intravesical rAd-IFN/Syn3 in superficial bladder cancer. 相似文献