麦田3种杂草种子的破眠(简报)

研究麦田常见的3种杂草破眠的结果表明,4-35℃的变温处理、O．3％赤霉素浸泡2h、3．6％盐酸浸泡30min（发芽率达到58．0％）均可打破播娘蒿种子的休眠;9、8％硫酸处理10min、6．6％硝酸处理35min、30％双氧水处理40min、3．6％盐酸处理30min（发芽率达到60．0％）也均可打破野燕麦种子的休眠;麦仁珠种子则以浓盐酸处理5min的破除休眠效果最好,发芽率达到72、0％。     

Status, invasiveness and environmental threats of three tropical American invasive weeds (Parthenium hysterophorus L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Lantana camara L.) in India

Invasive weeds have threatened the integrity of ecosystems throughout the world. They affect not only the species diversity of native areas but also their biological integrity. In India, a number of invasive exotic weeds have been reported but some viz. Parthenium hysterophorus, Lantana camara and Ageratum conyzoides, especially those from tropical America are troublesome and have caused adverse ecological, economic and social impact. These weeds can be seen growing in different landscapes but are luxuriantly localized in unattended forests and cultivated areas. Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae, commonly known as congress grass) is perhaps the most troublesome and noxious weed of urban and rural India. Besides rapidly colonizing areas replacing the native vegetation, it is also known to cause a number of human health problems such as skin allergy, rhinitis and irritation to eyes of the residents in the vicinity. Likewise, it causes fodder scarcity in addition to being unpalatable and toxic to livestock. Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), another serious tropical American pest, has encroached upon large areas of land, especially the forests where it has virtually replaced the forest floor vegetation and reduced tree growth. Also because of its bushy and spreading type of growth it obstructs forest operations. The third weed, Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae, Billy goat weed) has invaded agricultural fields. It interferes with crops and causes yield reductions of major staple crops of India. When it invades rangeland areas, it out competes native grasses causing scarcity of fodder. These weeds have similar growth strategies such as fast growth rates, short life-cycles, greater reproductive potential, high competitive abilities and allelopathy that make them successful invaders of native habitats. Mechanical, chemical, biological and cultural control tactics have failed individually, though integrated approaches combining all these approaches along with community participation and proper land management have been relatively successful. This paper presents various aspects of biology, ecology, hazards and control measures of these weeds.     

Wild gathered food plants in the European mediterranean: A comparative analysis

The Mediterranean basin has a long and multifaceted cultural history and harbors a high biodiversity. Epidemiological studies have drawn attention to certain traditional Mediterranean diets. However, wild gathered food species, which are an important, but fast disappearing element of these diets, so far have been largely neglected in scientific studies. In this study we compare ethnobotanical data obtained from field studies conducted in Southern Italy, Southern Spain, mainland Greece, and Crete resulting in the identification of a core group of 18 culinary used wild gathered plant species. This group comprises species likePapaver rhoeas L.,Sonchus asper L.,S. oleraceus L., andSilene vulgaris L. We argue that the culinary use of wild gathered weedy greens evolved together with the neolithization process, since this offered the necessary ecological niches for them to thrive, thereby enriching and securing the diets of European agriculturalists. Especially wild gathered Asteraceae species seem to form a sort of proto-nutraceutical, which accounts for a significant input of biologically active compounds in the diet.     

Biological and genetic characterisation of Phoma macrostoma isolates with bioherbicidal activity

The fungus Phoma macrostoma Mont. isolate 94-44B was registered as a bioherbicide for control of broadleaved weeds in Canada and the USA in 2011 and 2012, respectively. To obtain the registrations, the fungus had to be characterised both biologically and genetically. The objectives of this study were to demonstrate that bioherbicidal activity was associated with specific genetic markers and to determine whether bioherbicidal activity was a general trait of the species or only selected isolates. A collection of 64 isolates of P. macrostoma was established. A greenhouse bioassay and bioherbicidal-specific primers were used to determine bioherbicidal activity of all isolates. Only isolates originating from Canada thistle demonstrated the ability to reduce dandelion seedlings and display the 853 bp amplicon for the bioherbicidal-specific primer. Bioherbicidal isolates were consistently differentiated from all other isolates with two main genotypic groupings (I and II) arising from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) sequence analyses. Using AFLP, two biotypes of bioherbicidal isolates were also differentiated by the presence or absence of an AFLP marker at a single polymorphic locus. The genetic divergence among the bioherbicidal and nonbioherbicidal isolates of P. macrostoma was only 2.21% which was lower than that reported for other related Phoma sp. Other than the bioherbicidal trait, there was no apparent affiliation of the genetics with known varietal types, host or geographic origin. ITS sequence analysis and AFLP fingerprinting may be used as tools to detect bioherbicidal isolates of P. macrostoma.     

A framework for estimating the fixation time of an advantageous allele in stepping-stone models

Determining how population subdivision increases the fixation time of an advantageous allele is an important problem in evolutionary genetics as this influences many processes. Here, I lay out a framework for calculating the fixation time of a positively selected allele in a subdivided population, as a function of the number of demes present, the migration rate between them and the manner in which they are connected. Using this framework, it becomes clear that a beneficial allele's fixation time is significantly reduced through migration continuously introducing copies of the allele into a newly colonized subpopulation, increasing its frequency within these demes. The effect that migration has on allele frequency needs to be explicitly taken into account to produce a realistic estimate of fixation time. This behaviour is most prominent when demes are arranged on a two-dimensional torus, in comparison with populations where demes are arranged in a circle. This is because each subpopulation is connected to several neighbours over a torus, so that there are multiple paths that an allele can take in order to fix. As a consequence, some demes experience a greater influx and efflux of migrants than others. Analytical results are found to be very accurate when compared to stochastic simulations, and are generally robust if there are a large number of demes, or if the allele is weakly selected for.     

祁连山天然气水合物赋存区钻孔细菌多样性

分析了青海省祁连山冻土区天然气水合物赋存区DK-6钻孔的4个样品,对岩心样品进行处理提取微生物总基因组,采用PCR构建了细菌16S rDNA基因文库,4个文库包括44个OTU,其中有厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)(包括α-、β-和y-变形杆菌亚群)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)和异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)5类,煤、泥岩、粉砂岩等不同岩性的微生物群落之间显示出较大的组成差异,优势菌不同.细菌菌群多样性随采集点地质环境不同而有较明显的变化,天然气水合物含量、水含量、有机质含量等环境因素对冻土区天然气水合物赋存区中细菌菌群有一定的影响.4个样品中存在的微生物大部分可以代谢有机烃类,在天然气水合物环境的特殊条件下,外界环境因素制约了微生物的种类.     

耐药性木霉菌株的筛选及其对灰霉病的防治

兽籁当莨8咖耋楹∞102025323840455055培养时间（h）Time（h）图1ELll2单细胞生长曲线Fig．13heC（Kllx3eofthecells’samountsofELll2510152530354050培养时间Time（h）图2不同发酵时间的酶活Fig．23hed~stolyticactivityoffem~ent’8processing异。许多研冗表明,微生物营乔和代掰荚型与共生长蚧境碉着很大的关系。所以在采样时选择肉类加为了提高生物菌剂对植物病害的防治效果和稳定性,达到生物农药和化学农药综合防治的目的,采用了紫外诱变处理与药物培养基驯化培养相结合的方法,分离筛选出对化学杀菌剂速克灵有显著抗性的突变型木霉菌株T-4。该菌株与亲本菌株相比其抑菌能力及耐受性均优于亲本木霉菌株。经菌和药的协同作用研究发现,木霉菌剂与速克灵配比为8：2条件下,协同抑菌率达84．3％;活体拮抗性测定防治效果达到81％。这表明综合利用生物与化学防治,不仅可以降低农药使用量,减轻对环境的污染。而且,对植物病害的防效均高于单独使用木霉菌剂和速克灵的防治效果。     

Integration of biological control agents with other weed management technologies: Successes from the leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) IPM program

An invasive weed can occupy a variety of environments and ecological niches and generally no single control method can be used across all areas the weed is found. Biological control agents integrated with other methods can increase and/or improve site-specific weed control, but such combinatorial approaches have not been widely utilized. The successful leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) control program provides examples for future integrated weed programs that utilize biological control agents with traditional methods. Weed control methods can be used separately, such as when the leafy spurge gall midge (Spurgia esulae Gagné) reduced seed production in wooded areas while herbicides prevented further spread outside the tree line. Traditional methods also can be used directly with biological control agents. Incorporation of Aphthona spp. with herbicides has resulted in more rapid and complete leafy spurge control than either method used alone. Also, the insect population often increased rapidly following herbicide treatment, especially in areas where Aphthona spp. were established for several years but had been ineffective. Incorporation of Aphthona spp. with sheep or goat grazing has resulted in a larger decline in leafy spurge production than insects alone and in weed density than grazing alone. Controlled burns can aid establishment of biological control agents in marginally suitable environments, but timing of the fire must be coordinated to the insect’s life-cycle to ensure survival. Integration of biological control agents with revegetation programs required the agent to be the last method introduced because the cultivation and herbicide treatments necessary to establish desirable grasses and forbs were destructive to the insect. In a practical application, herbicides were combined with Aphthona spp. to help the insect establish and control leafy spurge in the habitat of the western prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera praeclara Sheviak and Bowles), an endangered species. Several experimental designs can be used to evaluate biological control agents with cultural, mechanical, and chemical control methods or with additional biological agents.