Characterization and Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia spp. from Onion in Amasya, Turkey

Forty‐two isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. were obtained from onion in Amasya, Turkey. Of these, 29% were Rhizoctonia solani (AG‐4), 69% were Waitea circinata var. zeae (Rhizoctonia zeae) and 2% were binucleate Rhizoctonia (AG‐B). Most of the isolates were recovered from rhizosphere soil. In pathogenicity tests on onion, R. solani AG‐4 caused the greatest disease severity, those of W. circinata var. zeae were moderately virulent but binucleate Rhizoctonia isolates were of low virulence. This is the first report of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG‐B and W. circinata var. zeae occurring on onion in Turkey.     

A simple fluid–structure coupling algorithm for the study of the anastomotic mechanics of vascular grafts

Vascular anastomoses constitute a main factor in poor graft performance due to mismatches in distensibility between the host artery and the graft. This work aims at computational fluid–structure investigations of proximal and distal anastomoses of vein grafts and synthetic grafts. Finite element and finite volume models were developed and coupled with a user-defined algorithm. Emphasis was placed on the simplicity of the coupling algorithm. An artery and vein graft showed a larger dilation mismatch than an artery and synthetic graft. The vein graft distended nearly twice as much as the artery while the synthetic graft displayed only approximately half the arterial dilation. For the vein graft, luminal mismatching was aggravated by development of an anastomotic pseudo-stenosis. While this study focused on end-to-end anastomoses as a vehicle for developing the coupling algorithm, it may serve as useful point of departure for further investigations such as other anastomotic configurations, refined modelling of sutures and fully transient behaviour.     

A Modified Heterotopic Swine Hind Limb Transplant Model for Translational Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Research

Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) such as hand and face transplants represent a viable treatment option for complex musculoskeletal trauma and devastating tissue loss. Despite favorable and highly encouraging early and intermediate functional outcomes, rejection of the highly immunogenic skin component of a VCA and potential adverse effects of chronic multi-drug immunosuppression continue to hamper widespread clinical application of VCA. Therefore, research in this novel field needs to focus on translational studies related to unique immunologic features of VCA and to develop novel immunomodulatory strategies for immunomodulation and tolerance induction following VCA without the need for long term immunosuppression.This article describes a reliable and reproducible translational large animal model of VCA that is comprised of an osteomyocutaneous flap in a MHC-defined swine heterotopic hind limb allotransplantation. Briefly, a well-vascularized skin paddle is identified in the anteromedial thigh region using near infrared laser angiography. The underlying muscles, knee joint, distal femur, and proximal tibia are harvested on a femoral vascular pedicle. This allograft can be considered both a VCA and a vascularized bone marrow transplant with its unique immune privileged features. The graft is transplanted to a subcutaneous abdominal pocket in the recipient animal with a skin component exteriorized to the dorsolateral region for immune monitoring.Three surgical teams work simultaneously in a well-coordinated manner to reduce anesthesia and ischemia times, thereby improving efficiency of this model and reducing potential confounders in experimental protocols. This model serves as the groundwork for future therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing and potentially eliminating the need for chronic multi-drug immunosuppression in VCA.     

Murine Ileocolic Bowel Resection with Primary Anastomosis

Intestinal resections are frequently required for treatment of diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, with Crohn’s disease and colon cancer being two common examples. Despite the frequency of these procedures, a significant knowledge gap remains in describing the inherent effects of intestinal resection on host physiology and disease pathophysiology. This article provides detailed instructions for an ileocolic resection with primary end-to-end anastomosis in mice, as well as essential aspects of peri-operative care to maximize post-operative success. When followed closely, this procedure yields a 95% long-term survival rate, no failure to thrive, and minimizes post-operative complications of bowel obstruction and anastomotic leak. The technical challenges of performing the procedure in mice are a barrier to its wide spread use in research. The skills described in this article can be acquired without previous surgical experience. Once mastered, the murine ileocolic resection procedure will provide a reproducible tool for studying the effects of intestinal resection in models of human disease.     

小核菌中dsRNA的存在、位置及其生防作用

Scleortium cepivorum Berk．是引起洋葱白腐病的病原真菌,大部分测试的菌株含有dsRNA片段,这些dsRNA片段被称为真菌病毒。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,在不同分离株之间或同一分离株不同提取物之间dsRNA带的数量和位置有很大的变化。ScQ-4菌株菌丝生长缓慢,致病力明显低于其他菌株。采用蔗糖密度梯度离心法证实和确定ScQ-4菌株中dsRNA片段所处的亚细胞位置,结果表明这些dsRNA片段与其寄主线粒体共同纯化,因此它们可能存在于寄主线粒体中,属于线粒体病毒。在营养相容性菌株之间这些dsRNA片段可通过菌丝融合进行传播,获得dsRNA片段的受体菌株的致病力明显降低,这对Sclerotium cepivorum Ber．k进行生物防治提供了可能性。     

Endothelial cell–cell adhesion during zebrafish vascular development

The vertebrate vasculature is an essential organ network with major roles in health and disease. The establishment of balanced cell–cell adhesion in the endothelium is crucial for the functionality of the vascular system. Furthermore, the correct patterning and integration of vascular endothelial cell–cell adhesion drives the morphogenesis of new vessels, and is thought to couple physical forces with signaling outcomes during development. Here, we review insights into this process that have come from studies in zebrafish. First, we describe mutants in which endothelial adhesion is perturbed, second we describe recent progress using in vivo cell biological approaches that allow the visualization of endothelial cell–cell junctions. These studies underline the profound potential of this model system to dissect in great detail the function of both known and novel regulators of endothelial cell–cell adhesion.     

The effects of tapering and artery wall stiffness on treatments for Coarctation of the Aorta

Coarctation of the Aorta is a congenital narrowing of the aorta. Two commonly used treatments are resection and end-to-end anastomosis, and stent placements. We simulate blood flow through one-dimensional models of aortas. Different artery stiffnesses, due to treatments, are included in our model, and used to compare blood flow properties in the treated aortas. We expand our previously published model to include the natural tapering of aortas. We look at change in aorta wall radius, blood pressure and blood flow velocity, and find that, of the two treatments, the resection and end-to-end anastomosis treatment more closely matches healthy aortas.     

改良血管套接法与血管断端吻合法对断指再植患者断指血运、断指成活以及运动功能的影响

目的:探讨改良血管套接法与血管断端吻合法对断指再植患者断指血运、断指成活以及运动功能的影响。方法:回顾性分析我院于2017年1月到2018年12月期间治疗的107例断指再植患者的临床资料。根据手术方法的不同将患者分为A组(n=55,共断指93指)和B组(n=52,共断指86指),A组给予血管断端吻合法,B组给予改良血管套接法,比较两组患者断指血运、断指成活、运动功能、生活质量及并发症。结果:B组毛细血管充盈时间、患指微循环检测值低于A组,氧饱和度、经皮氧分压则高于A组(P<0.05)。B组断指成活率、断指张力正常率及断指颜色正常率均高于A组(P<0.05)。B组术后1年社会关系领域、生理领域、心理领域以及环境领域的维度评分均高于A组(P<0.05)。B组的肌力、活动度、灵巧度、Carroll量表评分均高于A组(P<0.05)。两组并发症发生率对比未见统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:与血管断端吻合法相比,断指再植患者采用改良血管套接法,在断指血运、断指成活、运动功能、生活质量方面的改善效果更佳,且不会增加并发症发生率。     

Mutants of Trichoderma reesei resistant to 2-deoxy-d-glucose with altered sugar transport

Abstract Transport mutants resistant to 2-deoxy- d -glucose were isolated by UV-mutagenesis from a double auxotrophic strain of Trichoderma reesei QM9414. It was proved by protoplast fusion that they were altered at the same locus. The mutations were recessive and resulted in a defect of a general sugar transporting system with wide substrate specificity.