基于结构方程模型的吴起县农业生态经济系统耦合关系

基于2008年吴起县农户调查资料,利用结构方程模型对吴起县农业生态经济系统耦合关系进行了分析.结果表明：具有相关关系的农业资源和产业态势对系统耦合有一定影响,其影响系数分别为0.14和1.00;农业资源与产业态势之间的相关系数为-0.11,说明吴起县的产业发展并非建立在对农业资源有效利用基础之上,农业资源对经济效益的变化没有直接作用;产业的发展主要建立在对农业资源之外的能量和物质的开发利用上,导致产业态势对经济效益的直接路径系数为-2.95,总的路径系数仅为0.23.从农业生态系统与经济系统的关系及其耦合的角度看,目前研究区农业系统建立在不稳定的、较少依赖于本系统资源的耦合态势下,即在农业生态经济系统良性耦合机制的建立与形成过程中潜伏了较大危机.为此,需要提高牧草等农业资源的利用率,发展林草及其相关产业.     

不同稻作方式对稻田杂草群落的影响

运用半试验与调查相结合的方法,以贵州省从江县传统农业区的糯稻和杂交稻为例,研究了在水稻单作（R）、稻-鱼（R-F）和稻-鱼-鸭（R-F-D）3种不同稻作方式下稻田杂草群落的特征.结果表明：糯稻在3种稻作方式下的抑制杂草能力均优于杂交稻;R-F-D显著降低了田间杂草的发生密度,对鸭舌草、节节菜等的抑制效果达到100%,总体抑制杂草效果显著优于其他稻作方式,杂草的物种丰富度及Shannon多样性指数显著降低,Pielou均匀度指数提高,表明群落物种组成发生了很大的改变,降低了原来优势杂草的发生, 是一种较好的可达到抑制杂草效果的稻作方式.     

云南省腾冲县药用维管植物资源与多样性

研究区域药用植物资源的分布与多样性,可为区域药用植物资源保护和开发利用提供科学依据。于2010-2011年期间,采用野外调查、标本采集、文献资料与标本查阅等方法,对腾冲县药用维管植物资源进行了系统研究。结果表明:腾冲县有药用维管植物153科450属651种,其中蕨类植物32科51属68种,裸子植物仅有3科3属4种,被子植物118科396属579种。腾冲县药用植物优势科为唇形科、菊科和豆科。从药用部位来看,全草类植物比例较高,其次是根和根茎类。按药用功效划分,腾冲药用维管植物以清热、祛风湿和活血化瘀类药用植物居多。在此基础上,提出了加强县域药用植物种质资源合理开发和有效保护的建议与措施。     

内蒙古多伦县土地沙漠化景观格局变化特征

利用景观分析软件Fragstats 3.3和内蒙古多伦县1960、1975、1987、1995、2000、2005年6期遥感影像解译结果,分析了1960—2005年间土地沙漠化景观格局变化.结果表明:1960—1995年间研究区土地沙漠化面积呈先增后减趋势,总沙漠化面积增加212.70km2,沙漠化斑块数先增多后减少,景观多样性和均匀性上升,轻度、中度、重度沙漠化斑块形状趋向简单;1995—2005年间研究区沙漠化斑块数大幅增加,景观多样性和均匀性下降,轻度、中度、重度沙漠化斑块形状趋向复杂;严重沙漠化斑块形状在1960年以后一直趋向复杂化.整个景观在研究期间表现为完整-破碎-完整-破碎的趋势,由轻度到严重沙漠化,其景观类型的破碎化程度逐渐降低.     

浙江磐安红叶树种资源及其应用调查

对浙江省磐安县红叶树种资源及其应用情况进行初步调查,结果表明,该县共有乔木、灌木、藤本红叶木本植物37种,分属19科26属,其中,落叶乔木所占比例最大,有21种,占该县红叶树种的56.8%。根据叶片变色规律可分成秋叶变红、嫩叶红色、秋叶和嫩叶均呈红色、常年有红叶等四大类型,种数最多的是秋叶变红类,有26种,占该县红叶树种的70.3%。本文对部分重要的红叶树种的园林应用价值进行综合评价,并对该县红叶树种资源的开发利用提出建议。     

Deer Herbivory as an Ecological Constraint to Restoration of Degraded Riparian Corridors

Ungulate herbivory can impact riparian vegetation in several ways, such as by reducing vigor or reproductive output of mature plants, and through increased mortality of seedlings and saplings. Much work has focused on the effects of livestock grazing within riparian corridors, while few studies have addressed the influence of native ungulate herbivory on riparian vegetation. This study investigated the effect of deer herbivory on riparian regeneration along three streams with degraded riparian corridors in Mendocino County, California. We utilized existing stream restoration efforts by private landowners and natural resource agencies to compare six deer exclosures with six upstream control plots. Livestock were excluded from both exclosure and control plots. Three of the deer exclosures had been in place for 15 years, one for 6 years, and two for 4 years. The abundance and size distribution of woody riparian plant species such as Salix exigua, S. laevigata, S. lasiolepis, Alnus rhombifolia, and Fraxinus latifolia were quantified for each exclosure and control plot. The mean density of saplings in deer exclosures was 0.49 ± 0.15/m², while the mean density of saplings in control plots was 0.05 ± 0.02/m². Within exclosures, 35% of saplings were less than 1 m and 65% were greater than 1 m; within control plots, 97% of saplings were less than 1 m in height. The fact that little regeneration had occurred in control plots suggests that deer herbivory can substantially reduce the rate of recovery of woody riparian species within degraded riparian corridors. Exclusionary fencing has demonstrated promising results for riparian restoration in a region with intense deer herbivory.     

内蒙古伊金霍洛旗农业生产力的评估与预测

运用伊金霍洛旗40年的气象与农业统计资料,分析了气候与化肥使用量对于粮食产量的综合影响．选取综合模型为基础,将化肥对粮食气候生产潜力的影响考虑为调节因子,建立了基于气候和化肥使用量的粮食产量评估模型．同时,基于伊金霍洛旗地区人口、气候以及化肥的未来变化情景,预测了未来30年的粮食需求增长量,指出在满足当地人民对粮食作物基本需求的基础上,从目前到2010年期间退耕面积达622～5948hm^2,相当于原有耕地的3％～31％;从2010年到2020年期间退耕面积最大,达3263～8164hm^2,相当于原有耕地的17％42％;随后10年由于土地单位面积的增产是有限度的,而人口继续增长,将导致耕地面积有所回升,但变动幅度不会太大,基本维持在2020年的水平。     

德清县生态农业建设综合评价

应用综合指数法对德清县1990～1998年的生态农业建设进行综合评价。结果显示德清县生态农业系统的综合效益及资源利用、生态、经济和社会功能效益都呈上升趋势,其中1998年的综合效益指数比1990年提高了1．36倍．各效益指数在上升过程中出现波动,说明德清县生态农业建设还存在一些不足,尤其是农村产业结构调整、乡镇企业污染、系统稳定性等有待进一步改善．     

河南禹县山西组中麟木属( Lepidodendron )的两个新种

本文对华夏植物群鳞木属植物的研究现状进行了综述,讨论了华夏木属是否废除的问题。根据华夏木属与鳞木属基本特征相同,只是叶座形态、叶痕形态与鳞木属不同,这些特征只能作鳞木属分种的依据,同意《中国古生代植物》的处理意见。本文还描述了河南禹县山西组鳞木属的两个新种,即:Lepidod endron huayanense Ma(spnov.), L. yuxianense. Ma(sp. nov.).     

Assessments of contamination and human health risks of heavy metals in the road dust from a mining county in Guangxi,China

A total of 32 road dust samples were collected from mining areas and a control area in Nandan County, Guangxi, in order to investigate the contamination characteristics of heavy metals and associated health risks to local residents. The results indicated that elevated concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn were found in road dust in mining areas compared with control areas and background values. Pearson's correlation analysis and principal component analysis indicated that As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn in road dust mainly originated from anthropogenic sources (e.g., vehicles emission, mining activities, and smelting activities), whereas Cr, Co, and Ni were associated with natural sources (e.g., soil weathering). Furthermore, noncarcinogenic hazards to both adults and children were found in mining areas, while noncarcinogenic health risks in the control area were negligible. The health hazard was mostly ascribed to the ingestion, followed by the dermal contact, and the inhalation. The cancer risks from As, Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni in all studied areas were within safe levels as the R values were below the threshold of 1 × 10^?6.