Risk knowledge,product knowledge,and brand benefits for purchase intentions: Experiences with air purifiers against city smog in China

The present study is based on the theoretical framework of protective action decision model. This study aims to explain the relationship among the risk knowledge, product knowledge, risk perception, and brand benefits and the consumers’ purchase intentions of a specific air purifier compared with alternative brands. The research context is city smog. Results show that consumers’ risk knowledge and product knowledge significantly affect their purchase of an air purifier brand as well as play a considerable role in predicting their risk perception and in foreseeing their purchase intentions under the influence of the manufacturer's advertising strategies. Furthermore, consumers’ risk perception is a critical psychological factor that has a significantly positive influence on brand's experiential benefits, instead of functional and symbolic benefits. In particular, when comparing with brand's functional and symbolic benefits, the brand's experiential benefits is more attractive to consumers and has a stronger effect on consumers’ air purifier purchase intentions in the context of city smog.     

我国城市人与自然耦合系统的协调度

城市作为人类生存与发展的主要空间载体，是人与自然耦合系统的典型代表。城市人与自然协调度是认识人与自然耦合机制重要内容，对揭示城市人类活动对生态环境的影响，指导城市建设具有重要意义。从水资源开发强度、土地开发强度、水资源供给能力、环境污染物排放强度与碳排放强度五个方面分析城市人与自然协调度特征，评估城市建设与发展对自然环境的影响程度，并评估了我国146个城市的协调度特征，进一步分析了城市人口规模、城市经济规模、城市社会发展水平、不同生态地理区人与自然耦合协调度的关系。结果表明：2016年城市平均协调度指数为87.90，不同城市的协调度差距很大且协调度与城市人口规模、经济规模、发展水平呈显著负相关，而六大生态地理区中，西南地区协调度最高，协调度指数为92.81，西北地区协调度最低，协调度指数为82.25。研究发现我国城市建设与发展对自然环境影响仍然较大，并表现为（1）我国城市发展总体仍处于高需求高排放的发展阶段；（2）生态环境承载力是影响城市人与自然耦合协调度的重要因素；（3）提高能源利用效率，降低碳排放强度在改善城市人与自然协调度中发挥作用。最后，从优化城市布局、提高水、能源利用效率、控制环境污染等方面提出政策建议，为评估城市生态文明建设与可持续发展提供参考与依据。     

城市绿色基础设施降温作用及其影响因素研究进展

城市绿色基础设施（UGI）作为一种多尺度、多类型和多功能的绿色网络，对缓解城市升温和提升城市气候韧性具有重要作用。尽管如此，当前仍缺乏关于UGI降温作用研究方法、降温机制、尺度效应和影响因素等方面的系统性综述。为此，从尺度、方法、降温机制、影响因素等多个方面详尽回顾了UGI降温作用研究进展，并讨论了其局限性、挑战和未来研究方向。研究发现：（1） UGI降温作用的研究尺度可归纳为站点、建筑、街道、绿地、街区和城市6类，其中站点、绿地和街区等微尺度和局部尺度研究较多，而城市尺度关注则较少。（2）研究方法可分为温度数据获取、降温作用测度和影响因素分析三部分。其中，温度数据获取主要采用实地观测、遥感观测和模型模拟三类方法；降温作用测度可分为基于空间参考、基于时间或情景参考和基于统计关系三类；影响因素分析多采用相关分析与多重线性回归等传统统计方法，此外，可探究非线性影响的机器学习方法也逐渐得到应用。（3） UGI降温作用主要依赖于遮荫、蒸散发与冷空气团平流三类机制；UGI植被物种构成与形态、UGI空间配置和外部环境是影响降温作用的三类主要因素；不同尺度降温作用的主控影响因素存在差异，随着尺度扩大UGI空间配置因素的重要性逐渐增加。最后，研究从时空尺度、降温机制、综合影响因素、生态系统服务视角等方面讨论了当前研究的局限和未来挑战，并强调了新型数据获取技术、组合降温策略以及城市尺度UGI系统降温作用等未来研究方向。     

包头市半干旱型森林公园土壤细菌多样性与功能

土壤微生物是城市公园生态系统中物质循环的主要驱动者, 但目前对于半干旱型城市公园森林土壤细菌群落结构和功能研究较少。本研究以包头市为例, 选取奥林匹克公园(AL)、劳动公园(LD)和阿尔丁植物园(ZW) 3个典型的森林公园, 利用Illumina高通量测序的方法对细菌16S rRNA V4-V5片段进行测序, 分析城市森林公园土壤细菌的多样性、群落构成以及背后的生态学构建机制, 并使用Tax4Fun对细菌群落代谢功能进行分析。结果表明, 土壤细菌丰富度指数为LD (2,443.00 ± 9.37) > ZW (2,392.90 ± 8.23) > AL (2,305.57 ± 17.48); 细菌群落以放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门为优势门。细菌群落组成在三个公园间存在显著差异, 同时线性判别分析效应大小(LEfSe)结果表明, 所有公园都具有多度显著差异的细菌可操作分类单元(OTUs); 中性群落模型(NCM)、标准化随机率(NST)和基于系统发育结合的零模型推断群落组装机制(iCAMP)分析显示, 城市森林土壤细菌群落的构建是由随机性过程和确定性过程共同驱动, 其中漂变和同质化选择占主导作用。Tax4Fun功能预测结果表明涉及膜运输、碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、能量代谢和信号转导的代谢是该城市公园林下土壤微生物的主要代谢功能, 进一步分析表明微生物群落的代谢功能在不同公园之间存在很大差异。本研究初步探究了半干旱型城市公园细菌的多样性、群落构建机制及其功能, 为城市公园绿地建设以及生态改善等提供一定的科学依据和实践指导。     

基于“策略—反馈”的琶洲中东区韧性城市设计

珠江三角洲（简称“珠三角”）城市普遍受到气候变化和城市扩张的干扰，广州琶洲中东区作为珠三角的微观城市组团，是珠三角韧性演进表达的载体，以其为例探索整合城市与生态环境的韧性设计机制。首先辨析了城市韧性的分析方法、策略及评价体系，对珠三角的脆弱性进行背景研究；然后通过对琶洲中东区的脆弱性分析和灾害模拟，提出3 个层次的韧性整合策略，包括连接现有破碎的蓝绿系统的结构性策略，构建基于公共交通为导向（TODs）、垂直水岸的步行可达空间的连接方式以及分散式雨水存储系统与多用堤岸模式的节点处理；最后利用GIS、Fragstats 和Depthmap 等软件平台和数据分析手段，对韧性策略和设计方案进行评估并给予反馈，从而构建起微观城市组团层面全过程的“分析—策略—方案—反馈”的韧性城设计框架。结果表明：运用基于“策略—反馈”机制的方案设计有助于提升景观连接度、空间集成度，有效适应洪涝干扰，更好地落实城市韧性。     

An Exploration of the Relationship between Socioeconomic and Well‐Being Variables and Household Greenhouse Gas Emissions

This research reports on a multivariate analysis that examined the relationship between direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and socioeconomic and well‐being variables for 1,920 respondents living in Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada, using results from the Halifax Space‐Time Activity Research Project. The unique data set allows us to estimate direct GHG emissions with an unprecedented level of specificity based on household energy use survey data and geographic positioning system–verified personal travel data. Of the variables analyzed, household size, income, community zone, age, and marital status are all statistically significant predictors of direct GHG emissions. Birthplace, ethnicity, educational attainment, perceptions of health, life satisfaction, job satisfaction, happiness, volunteering, or community belonging did not seem to matter. In addition, we examined whether those reporting energy‐efficient behaviors had lower GHG emissions. No significant differences were discovered among the groups analyzed, supporting a growing body of research indicating a disconnect between environmental attitudes and behaviors and environmental impact. Among the predictor variables, those reporting to be married, young, low income, and living in households with more people have correspondingly lower direct GHG emissions than other categories in respective groupings. Our finding that respondents with lifestyles that generate higher GHG emissions did not report to be healthier, happier, or more connected to their communities suggest that individuals can experience similar degrees of well‐being regardless of the amount of GHG emissions associated with his or her respective lifestyle.     

Assessment of shallow groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking purpose near the Béni-Mellal wastewater treatment lagoon (Morocco)

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate the suitability for drinking purpose of shallow groundwater near the Béni-Mellal wastewater treatment lagoon based on various physicochemical, heavy metals, and bacteriological parameter analyses. The physicochemical results revealed that some of the samples do not comply with the Moroccan and/or WHO standards for drinking water. Parameters including turbidity, TH, Na⁺, Li⁺, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺ (～47.1% of samples), Cd (～52.9% of samples), Fe (～82.4% of samples), Pb (～58.8% of samples), T. coliforms, and E. coli exceeded the drinking limits. The statistical analyses revealed that the shallow groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by geogenic and anthropogenic sources. For quality assessment, using the Moroccan groundwater assessment grid, the values of EC and Cl^–, NO₃^–, NH₄⁺, oxidability, and E. coli, fixed as pollution indicators, showed that most of the wells showed medium-to-poor quality, 14% of them have a very poor water quality, and 20% of them belong to the bad water quality. According to geometric and arithmetic DWQI values, the groundwater quality was frequently fair to good, needing treatment or at least disinfection before public consumption. A sensitivity analysis results indicated that Fe, Cd, Cr, Pb, and E. coli have an important impact on the DWQI computing.     

Species introduced from nearby sources have a more homogenizing effect than species from distant sources: evidence from plants and fishes in the USA

Biotic homogenization is occurring in many biota as widespread introduced species are replacing unique native species. Although efforts to document homogenization have increased, no studies have explicitly compared the homogenizing effects of species introduced from distant areas to the homogenizing effects of species introduced from more proximate areas. The author analysed three data sets, at different scales and in different taxa, that distinguish species introduced from distant sources (e.g. outside the US) from species introduced from less distant sources (e.g. within the United States). These data include: plant introductions among eight major US cities and fish introductions among 12 US states and among 10 watersheds from New York state. The authors found that, for all data sets, species introduced from less distant sources (within the US) have a greater homogenizing effect on community composition than species from more distant sources (outside the US). In agreement with other studies, the author also find that, in terms of absolute numbers, introductions from nearby sources are far more frequent than introduction of species from distant sources. While tentative, these findings point out the importance of considering species introduced from nearby areas (e.g., extralimital native species) when discussing biotic homogenization from human activities.     

pH and temperature optima for growth and sporulation in some common fungi from city waste

Relationships between the growth of certain fungi isolated from city waste and pH and temperature were examined by two methods. The tested isolates showed their maximum growth and sporulation at different pHs while temperature requirements were the same (28°C), except forHumicola grisea (43°C).Cladosporium herbarum andH. grisea showed double pH optima. The ranges of pH and temperature for sporulation were more limited than those for the vegetative growth. Although all the tested isolates showed wide tolerances to pH and temperature, the degree of tolerance varied with the isolates. A considerable change from the initial pH of the liquid medium was noted at the end of the experiment.