基于MODIS NDVI的广西沿海植被动态及其主要驱动因素

归一化植被指数(NDVI)可以表征区域植被状况,目前利用NDVI表征沿海区域植被动态的研究仍相对缺乏。以MODIS NDVI为源数据,分析2000—2014年间,广西沿海区域的植被动态、NDVI动态趋势和持续性,以及NDVI动态的主要驱动因素。结果表明:在海岸线10 km区域范围内,NDVI均值较高(0.71),年际间波动较小(SD为0.02)。空间上,NDVI呈现出陆地高、滨海和河口区域低的分布特征,不同类型植被NDVI差异显著,以广泛分布于陆地的林地最高(0.76),以滨海湿地植被(0.52)和其他类型植被(未利用地等)最低(0.50)。植被动态趋势(斜率k)表明,57%的林地表现为改善趋势(k≥0.002),而52%的滨海湿地则表现为退化趋势(k≤-0.002)。利用Hurst指数对生态持续性进行分析,林地、旱地表现为持续改善,滨海湿地呈现持续退化的趋势。驱动因素分析表明,气象因素对植被NDVI的影响均不显著,NDVI的动态主要受地形特征和人为因素的影响,NDVI及其动态趋势与复合地形指数和距河流的距离多呈负相关,与坡度、高程、距交通线路和城镇的距离多为正相关。总体上,区域内NDVI动态趋势以良性发展为主,但滨海湿地等呈现持续退化的区域需持续关注。     

土壤改良剂对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土生化特性的影响

以黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土为研究对象,采用4因素4水平正交设计试验,将牛粪(A)、石膏(B)、秸秆(C)、保水剂(D)4种改良剂设置成不同比例,对黄河三角洲滨海盐碱土生化特性进行改良试验,以期筛选出适宜的改良方案。结果表明:牛粪(A)、石膏(B)、秸秆(C)3种改良剂对土壤呼吸强度、土壤磷酸酶、土壤脲酶、土壤脱氢酶和土壤微生物碳氮改良效果明显,保水剂(D)对土壤微生物碳氮改良效果明显,各处理间差异显著。各改良剂对盐碱土各生化指标的贡献值存在差异,综合考虑土壤呼吸强度、土壤酶、土壤微生物碳氮适宜配方为A_4B_3C_2D_2,土壤呼吸强度、土壤磷酸酶、土壤脲酶、土壤脱氢酶和土壤微生物碳氮分别比对照增高109.64%,89.54%,62.20%,81.75%,60.50%,118.00%,相关分析表明,除微生物氮和脲酶相关不显著外,上述各土壤生化指标间均显著相关,研究结果可为黄河三角洲盐碱土的改良利用提供一定的理论依据。     

滨海盐渍土壤中不同类型盐生植物富集镉的效应

为了利用被镉污染的滨海盐渍土壤,通过实验对比分析3种不同类型盐生植物对盐渍土中镉的富集效应,以期初步探明不同类型盐生植物在镉污染盐渍土壤修复中的效果。选择的3种盐生植物类型是:聚盐盐生植物,泌盐盐生植物和避盐盐生植物。通过温室盆栽实验,将植物在不同镉含量的盐渍土壤中种植培养60 d,测定和分析不同类型盐生植物对镉的生物浓缩因子、转移系数以及植株内地上部分和根部生物量和镉含量的变化。结果表明,不同镉含量的土壤对碱蓬和芦苇的生长影响较小,对二色补血草的生长影响较大。不同镉含量的土壤中,芦苇地上部分镉的生物浓缩因子变化差异不显著,并且其地上部分吸收镉的百分率较高。碱蓬和芦苇的转移系数大于二色补血草的转移系数,并且碱蓬的转移系数在不同镉含量的土壤中变化不显著;二色补血草的转移系数随着土壤中镉含量的增加而显著增大。3种盐生植物中,碱蓬最具修复镉污染盐渍土壤的潜力,这可能和它是聚盐盐生植物的生理类型有关。芦苇整个植株的地上部分富集镉的总量在3种植物中是最高的,因此,芦苇在镉含量较低时也可以做为镉污染盐渍土壤的修复材料。     

Embryo and early larval stages of the Humboldt Current krill Euphausia mucronata (Crustacea: Euphausiacea)

The Humboldt Current krill, Euphausia mucronata (Crustacea: Euphausiacea), is an endemic and keystone species in the food web of this highly productive eastern border current ecosystem. The morphology and ontogeny of E. mucronata is known from calyptopis I to the adult phase, but the embryonic and early‐life stages (nauplius and metanauplius) of this broadcast spawning species are unknown. We describe the morphology and development time of these life stages to complete the knowledge of its life cycle. Embryos were obtained from purple‐gonad gravid females collected off Dichato, central Chile, during November 2012. Eight gravid females (mean=16 mm total length) were incubated in seawater at 12°C under laboratory conditions. The average development time from single‐cell embryos to the metanauplius stage was 2.2 d and hatching occurred between 20 and 25 h. The average growth rate was 0.35 mm d^?1 from the late limb bud to the metanauplius stage (range=0.21–0.48 mm d^?1). Embryos of E. mucronata had a mean chorion diameter of 0.460 mm, embryo diameter of 0.343 mm, and perivitelline space of 0.056 mm. Our biological information reported here constitutes a baseline for future ecological studies on distribution and temporal variability of spawning activity and reproductive strategies of E. mucronata in the highly variable and productive Humboldt Current ecosystem.     

凋落物和根系去除对滨海沙地土壤微生物群落组成和功能的影响

通过在亚热带滨海防护林湿地松、尾巨桉、纹荚相思和木麻黄人工林中设置去除凋落物、去除根系和对照处理,分析改变地上、地下碳输入对沙地人工林土壤微生物生物量、群落结构和功能的影响.2015年9月,在处理设置一年后采集各处理样方0～10 cm土壤样品,分别采用磷脂脂肪酸分析方法和微孔板酶检测技术对土壤样品的微生物群落组成和6种酶活性进行测定.结果表明: 碳输入处理对土壤微生物生物量的影响因树种而异,并主要取决于凋落物和根系的质量.在尾巨桉林中,去除根系使得脂肪酸总量、革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌和放线菌生物量分别显著减少了31%、30%、32%、36%和26%,去除凋落物使得革兰氏阳性细菌、真菌和放线菌生物量显著减少了24%、27%和24%,而其他树种处理对微生物生物量无显著影响.碳输入处理对土壤微生物群落结构的影响主要表现为真菌丰度下降而放线菌丰度上升.不同树种的土壤酶活性对处理的响应表现不一致:湿地松、纹荚相思和木麻黄林分去除凋落物显著降低土壤中纤维素水解酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、酸性磷酸酶和乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性,去除根系仅分别降低和提高了湿地松和纹荚相思林β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性;湿地松、木麻黄人工林去除凋落物显著降低了多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性;去除根系对所有树种土壤氧化酶活性影响不显著.不同树种的凋落物、根系特性是影响土壤微生物群落组成和酶活性的重要因子,碳输入处理造成的土壤温度、水分等微环境的改变也是土壤微生物性质变化的重要驱动力.     

施用生物炭和聚丙烯酰胺对海涂围垦区盐碱土水力性质的影响

通过圆盘入渗试验,探讨不同改良剂施用量下土壤入渗特性的变化,揭示添加生物炭和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对海涂围垦区盐碱土水力学参数、孔隙特征及不同级别孔隙水流贡献率的影响.结果表明: 单施2%生物炭,土壤饱和导水率比对照增加46.4%;盐碱土饱和导水率随PAM施用量增加而减小.单施2%生物炭使土壤总有效孔隙度和半径>100 μm的有效孔隙度分别增加8.3%和10.2%.单施PAM时,土壤总有效孔隙度和不同半径孔隙有效孔隙度均有减小趋势,其中,PAM梯度为1‰时最明显,减幅高达88%以上.施用生物炭和PAM后,半径<100 μm的孔隙的水流贡献率呈下滑趋势,半径>500 μm的孔隙对土壤水流运动起主导作用.     

Woody structure facilitates invasion of woody plants by providing perches for birds

Woody encroachment threatens prairie ecosystems globally, and thus understanding the mechanisms that facilitate woody encroachment is of critical importance. Coastal tallgrass prairies along the Gulf Coast of the US are currently threatened by the spread of several species of woody plants. We studied a coastal tallgrass prairie in Texas, USA, to determine if existing woody structure increased the supply of seeds from woody plants via dispersal by birds. Specifically, we determined if (i) more seedlings of an invasive tree (Tridacia sebifera) are present surrounding a native woody plant (Myrica cerifera); (ii) wooden perches increase the quantity of seeds dispersed to a grassland; and (iii) perches alter the composition of the seed rain seasonally in prairie habitats with differing amounts of native and invasive woody vegetation, both underneath and away from artificial wooden perches. More T. sebifera seedlings were found within M. cerifera patches than in graminoid‐dominated areas. Although perches did not affect the total number of seeds, perches changed the composition of seed rain to be less dominated by grasses and forbs. Specifically, 20–30 times as many seeds of two invasive species of woody plants were found underneath perches independent of background vegetation, especially during months when seed rain was highest. These results suggest that existing woody structure in a grassland can promote further woody encroachment by enhancing seed dispersal by birds. This finding argues for management to reduce woody plant abundance before exotic plants set seeds and argues against the use of artificial perches as a restoration technique in grasslands threatened by woody species.     

滨海盐地碱蓬不同生长阶段叶片C、N、P化学计量特征

盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)是滨海湿地典型植被之一, 研究其化学计量特征变化对于了解滨海湿地植被健康状况具有重要意义。该文比较了盐地碱蓬生长期、成熟期和衰退期内叶片C、N、P营养元素的化学计量特征, 并做了相关性分析。结果表明, 叶片C含量在不同生长阶段差异性显著, 生长期最低, 衰退期最高; 叶片N含量在衰退期较生长期和成熟期显著降低; 叶片P含量较为稳定, 在不同生长阶段无显著性差异。C:N、C:P在植物整个生长发育期内呈现逐渐增大的趋势, 而N:P表现出逐渐减小的趋势。相关性分析显示, 在盐地碱蓬3个不同的生长阶段, C:N和C:P与相应的N、P含量呈显著负相关, 随着N、P的变化以对数方程的形式减小; N含量与P含量之间呈显著正相关, 体现了植物体内两营养元素含量需求变化的相对一致性。同时发现, N元素已经成为滨海湿地盐地碱蓬生长发育过程中的主要限制性因子。     

A comparison of species composition and stand structure between planted and natural mangrove forests in Shenzhen Bay,South China

Aims For assisting faster restoration of damaged or severely disturbed coastal ecosystems, selected mangrove species have been planted on previously mangrove-inhabited sites of the tropical and subtropical coasts of southern China. The objective of this study was to understand the stand dynamics of the planted mangroves and their functional traits in comparison with natural mangrove forests under similar site conditions.Methods Species composition, stand density, tree size distribution, and aboveground production were investigated along three transects in a 50-year-old planted mangrove stand and three transects in an adjacent natural mangrove stand in Shenzhen Bay, South China. Measurements were made on tree distribution by species, stand structure, and aboveground biomass (AGB) distribution. Analyses were performed on the spatial patterns of tree size distribution and species association.Important findings We found that the planted and natural mangrove stands did not differ in stand density, average diameter at breast height (DBH), species composition, and AGB. Spatial distribution of AGB and frequency at species level were also similar between the planted and natural stands. However, the traits in stand structure were more variable in the planted stand than in the natural stand, indicating higher spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the development and succession of planted mangroves. Geostatistical analyses show that both DBH and AGB were spatially auto-correlated within a specific range in the direction perpendicular to coastline. More than 60% of the variance in these attributes was due to spatial autocorrelation. The Ripley's K -function analysis shows that the two dominant species, Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina, clumped in broader scales in the natural stand than in the planted stand and displayed significant interspecific competition across the whole transect. It is suggested that interspecific competition interacts with spatial autocorrelation as the underlying mechanism shaping the mangrove structure. This study demonstrates that at age 50, mangrove plantations can perform similarly in stand structure, spatial arrangement of selected stand characteristics and species associations to the natural mangrove forests.