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The use of embryonic stem (ES) cells for generating healthy tissues has the potential to revolutionize therapies for human disease or injury, for which there are currently no effective treatments. Strategies for manipulating stem cell differentiation should be based on knowledge of the mechanisms by which lineage decisions are made during early embryogenesis. Here, we review current research into the factors influencing lineage differentiation in the mouse embryo and the application of this knowledge to in vitro differentiation of ES cells. In the mouse embryo, specification of tissue lineages requires cell-cell interactions that are influenced by coordinated cell migration and cellular neighborhood mediated by the key WNT, FGF, and TGFbeta signaling pathways. Mimicking the cellular interactions of the embryo by providing appropriate signaling molecules in culture has enabled the differentiation of ES cells to be directed predominately toward particular lineages. Multistep strategies incorporating the provision of soluble factors known to influence lineage choices in the embryo, coculture with other cells or tissues, genetic modification, and selection for desirable cell types have allowed the production of ES cell derivatives that produce beneficial effects in animal models. Increasing the efficiency of this process can only result from a better understanding of the molecular control of cell lineage determination in the embryo. 相似文献
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Primot A Baratte B Gompel M Borgne A Liabeuf S Romette JL Jho EH Costantini F Meijer L 《Protein expression and purification》2000,20(3):394-404
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), an element of the Wnt signalling pathway, plays a key role in numerous cellular processes including cell proliferation, embryonic development, and neuronal functions. It is directly involved in diseases such as cancer (by controlling apoptosis and the levels of beta-catenin and cyclin D1), Alzheimer's disease (tau hyperphosphorylation), and diabetes (as a downstream element of insulin action, GSK-3 regulates glycogen and lipid synthesis). We describe here a rapid and efficient method for the purification of GSK-3 by affinity chromatography on an immobilized fragment of axin. Axin is a docking protein which interacts with GSK-3ss, beta-catenin, phosphatase 2A, and APC. A polyhistidine-tagged axin peptide (residues 419-672) was produced in Escherichia coli and either immobilized on Ni-NTA agarose beads or purified and immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. These "Axin-His6" matrices were found to selectively bind recombinant rat GSK-3 beta and native GSK-3 from yeast, sea urchin embryos, and porcine brain. The affinity-purified enzymes displayed high kinase activity. This single step purification method provides a convenient tool to follow the status of GSK-3 (protein level, phosphorylation state, kinase activity) under various physiological settings. It also provides a simple and efficient way to purify large amounts of active recombinant or native GSK-3 for screening purposes. 相似文献
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果蝇心脏基因一个新人同源基因WNT-10A的研究初报 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Wg基因是控制果蝇心脏前体细胞形成的一个关键基因,根据物种间同源异型基因结构上的保守性与功能上的相似性,我们运用计算机克隆的方法获得了一个新的人同源基因,命名为WNT-10A。该基因有一富集GC碱基的启动子,mRNA全长约2.4kb,3′末端包含ATAAA的加尾信号,编码一段长417个氨基酸的蛋白质,与小鼠Wnt-10a的编码蛋白高度相似。其心脏EST数目占正常组织EST总数的45%,表明该基因在心脏组织高度表达,提示其可能与心脏发育有关。该基因与其基因家族成员具有相似的同源框序列,在肿瘤细胞中大量表达(占总EST的31%),表明该基因相似于其家族成员,可能与肿瘤的发生有关。 相似文献
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脊椎动物骨骼系统起源于中胚层间充质细胞,起初,这些细胞定向分化形成软骨原基,后者经软骨内骨化发育为成熟的骨骼系统。近年来,很多研究表明,WNT家族与其相关作用成分在骨发育过程中发挥了重要作用,通过在细胞分化不同阶段的正向或负向调控机制,保证了软骨细胞在特定的位置以合适的速率有序分化。在WNT家族及其作用途径的相关信号分子中,无论何种亚型或分子的异常表达都可能破坏WNT系统维系的正负平衡机制,导致骨骼系统畸形。了解WNT系统的作用机制有助于深入探究骨骼系统发生的相关调控机理。 相似文献
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Salvatore Modica Christian Wolfrum 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids》2013,1831(5):915-923
A great deal is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating terminal differentiation of pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes. In contrast, the knowledge about pathways that trigger commitment of mesenchymal stem cells into the adipocyte lineage is fragmented. In recent years, the role of members of the bone morphogenic protein family in regulating the early steps of adipogenesis has been the focus of research. Findings based on these studies have also highlighted an unexpected role for some bone morphogenic protein in energy homeostasis via regulation of adipocyte development and function. This review summarizes the knowledge about bone morphogenic proteins and their role in adipocyte commitment and regulation of whole body energy homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brown and White Fat: From Signaling to Disease. 相似文献
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