全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1643篇 |
免费 | 154篇 |
国内免费 | 50篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 51篇 |
2022年 | 39篇 |
2021年 | 71篇 |
2020年 | 67篇 |
2019年 | 71篇 |
2018年 | 53篇 |
2017年 | 51篇 |
2016年 | 43篇 |
2015年 | 47篇 |
2014年 | 94篇 |
2013年 | 119篇 |
2012年 | 60篇 |
2011年 | 75篇 |
2010年 | 55篇 |
2009年 | 91篇 |
2008年 | 73篇 |
2007年 | 83篇 |
2006年 | 58篇 |
2005年 | 41篇 |
2004年 | 48篇 |
2003年 | 40篇 |
2002年 | 38篇 |
2001年 | 18篇 |
2000年 | 36篇 |
1999年 | 17篇 |
1998年 | 15篇 |
1997年 | 33篇 |
1996年 | 25篇 |
1995年 | 19篇 |
1994年 | 28篇 |
1993年 | 30篇 |
1992年 | 18篇 |
1991年 | 24篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 17篇 |
1984年 | 26篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 23篇 |
1981年 | 16篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 15篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1970年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1847条查询结果,搜索用时 36 毫秒
21.
Mapping economic trait loci for somatic cell score in Holstein cattle using microsatellite markers and selective genotyping 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) uses genetic marker genotypes to predict an animal's production potential and will provide additional selection information for progeny testing. With the discovery of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers, the tools now exist to begin the search for economic trait loci (ETL), which is the first step toward MAS. The objective of this study was to identify ETL for somatic cell score in an existing Holstein population. Using the granddaughter design, sons from seven grandsire families were genotyped with 20 autosomal microsatellites from five chromosomes (4, 8, 13, 17, 23), with an emphasis on chromosome 23, which is the location of the bovine major histocompatibility complex (BoLA). Selective genotyping was used to reduce the number of genotypes required, in which the 10 highest and 10 lowest sons from the phenotypic distribution curve were tested (140 sons in seven families). One marker (513), located near BoLA, showed evidence of an ETL in three of five polymorphic families. Additional sons were genotyped from the five families to estimate the effect and to compare selective and ‘complete’ genotyping. Both methods detected an ETL at marker 513, but in different families. This study provides evidence of the usefulness of microsatellite markers and the granddaughter design in the detection of ETL; however, additional markers need to be evaluated to determine the usefulness of selective genotyping. Based on the results from the 20 studied markers, the most likely position of a somatic cell score ETL lies near marker 513, located on chromosome 23. 相似文献
22.
Synthesis of methyl
-Ribose was converted into methyl
and this, on tin-mediated allylation, gave a mixture of the 2-O-allyl and 3-O-allyl derivatives which were separated by chromatography. The more polar isomer was characterised as the 3-O-allyl derivative after conversion via
(which was also synthesised from
) into the known
. Methyl
was converted into methyl
via methyl
. 相似文献
Full-size image
Full-size image
Full-size image
Full-size image
Full-size image
Full-size image
23.
本文研究维生素A对中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)生长及视觉器官的影响,获得如下结果:1.体长 4cm、体重1g小虾对饲料中VA的最适添加量为 18,000 IU/100g饲料,体长8cm,体重7g大虾对饲料 中VA的最适添加量为12,000 IU/100g饲料,在VA最适添加量下,对虾增长、增重最快,饲料系数最 低。2.中国对虾的视网膜电图在暗适应条件下有b、c、d三波,在白、蓝、黄三种光照刺激下,只有A3组 (12,000IU/100g饲料)其视网膜电位达最高值,即b波振幅达2.45mV,d波振幅达3.7mV,表明VA 在最适添加量下,视觉反应灵敏,视觉功能正常; 3.VA最适添加量的 A3组对虾眼组织完整、无畸变, 而VA含量过高或不足各组,其小眼、视网膜、髓体、X-器官等都有不同程度的畸变、不完整、干瘪等现 象,表明VA投喂量不当时,会引起视觉器官的发育障碍或病变。 相似文献
24.
John P. Carulli De-Mao Chen William S. Stark Daniel L. Hartl 《Journal of molecular evolution》1994,38(3):250-262
Phylogenetic and physiological methods were used to study the evolution of the opsin gene family in Drosophila. A phylogeny based on DNA sequences from 13 opsin genes including representatives from the two major subgenera of Drosophila shows six major, well-supported clades: The blue opsin clade includes all of the Rhl and Rh2 genes and is separated into two distinct subclades of Rhl sequences and Rh2 sequences; the ultraviolet opsin clade includes all Rh3 and Rh4 genes and bifurcates into separate Rh3 and Rh4 clades. The duplications that generated this gene family most likely took place before the evolution of the subgenera Drosophila and Sophophora and their component species groups. Numerous changes have occurred in these genes since the duplications, including the loss and/or gain of introns in the different genes and even within the Rhl and Rh4 clades. Despite these changes, the spectral sensitivity of each of the opsins has remained remarkably fixed in a sample of four species representing two species groups in each of the two subgenera. All of the strains that were investigated had R1-6 (Rhl) spectral sensitivity curves that peaked at or near 480 nm, R7 (Rh3 and Rh4) peaks in the ultraviolet range, and ocellar (Rh2) peaks near 420 nm. Each of the four gene clades on the phylogeny exhibits very conservative patterns of amino acid replacement in domains of the protein thought to influence spectral sen sitivity, reflecting strong constraints on the spectrum of light visible to Drosophila. 相似文献
25.
Relationship between osmoprotection and the structure and intracellular accumulation of betaines by Escherichia coli 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Barbara A. Peddie Michael Lever Colin M. Hayman Kelly Randall Stephen T. Chambers 《FEMS microbiology letters》1994,120(1-2):125-131
Abstract Naturally occuring betaines, especially glycine betaine and proline betaine, were accumulated by Escherichia coli from urine. In synthetic hyperosmotic medium, with an homologous series of added betaines, (CH3 )3 N+ -(CH2 ) n -COO− , osmoprotective activity and intracellular accumulation decreased monotonically as n increased from 1 to 5. In contrast, α -substituted glycine betaines were accumulated in a similar manner to glycine betaine, but with different osmoprotective activities. Arsenobetaine, with a quaternary arsonium group, was also accumulated but amino acids which can become negatively charged in a chemically basic environment were not. 相似文献
26.
Patricia Green Amelia Y. Hartenstein Volker Hartenstein 《Cell and tissue research》1993,273(3):583-598
We have used electron-microscopic studies, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and antibody labeling to characterize the development of the Drosophila larval photoreceptor (or Bolwig's) organ and the optic lobe, and have investigated the role of Notch in the development of both. The optic lobe and Bolwig's organ develop by invagination from the posterior procephalic region. After cells in this region undergo four postblastoderm divisions, a total of approximately 85 cells invaginate. The optic lobe invagination loses contact with the outer surface of the embryo and forms an epithelial vesicle attached to the brain. Bolwig's organ arises from the ventralmost portion of the optic lobe invagination, but does not become incorporated in the optic lobe; instead, its 12 cells remain in the head epidermis until late in embryogenesis when they move in conjunction with head involution to reach their final position alongside the pharynx. Early, before head involution, the cells of Bolwig's organ form a superficial group of 7 cells arranged in a rosette pattern and a deep group of 5 cells. Later, all neurons move out of the surface epithelium. Unlike adult photoreceptors, they do not form rhabdomeres; instead, they produce multiple, branched processes, which presumably carry the photopigment. Notch is essential for two aspects of the early development of the visual system. First, it delimits the number of cells incorporated into Bolwig's organ. Second, it is required for the maintenance of the epithelial character of the optic lobe cells during and after its invagination. 相似文献
27.
Visual performance of the toad (Bufo bufo) at low light levels: retinal ganglion cell responses and prey-catching accuracy 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A. -C. Aho K. Donner S. Helenius L. Olesen Larsen T. Reuter 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1993,172(6):671-682
The accuracy of toad snapping towards moving worm dummies under various levels of dim illumination (from absolute threshold to moonlight) was videorecorded and related to spike responses of retinal ganglion cells exposed to equivalent stimuli. Some toads (at ca. 16 °C) successfully snapped at dummies that produced only one photoisomerization per 50 rods per second in the retina, in good agreement with thresholds of sensitive retinal ganglion cells. One factor underlying such high sensitivity is extensive temporal summation by the ganglion cells. This, however, is inevitably accompanied by very long response latencies (around 3 s near threshold), whereby the information reaching the brain shows the dummy in a position where it was several seconds earlier. Indeed, as the light was dimmed, snaps were displaced successively further to the rear of the dummy, finally missing it. The results in weak but clearly supra-threshold illumination indicate that snaps were aimed at the advancing head as seen by the brain, but landed further backwards in proportion to the retinal latency. Near absolute threshold, however, accuracy was too good, suggesting that the animal had recourse to a neural representation of the regularly moving dummies to correct for the slowness of vision. 相似文献
28.
J. Shand 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1993,173(1):115-121
The goatfish Upeneus tragula undergoes an abrupt metamorphosis at settlement when the pelagic larvae begin a reef-associated benthic mode of life. A microspectrophotometric investigation of the retinal visual pigments was carried out on fish prior to, during, and following settlement. It was found that the visual pigment in the long wavelength-absorbing member of the double cones in the dorsal retina changed rapidly from a rhodopsin with a wavelength of maximum absorption (max) of 580 nm to that of 530 nm. The second member of the double cones always had a rhodopsin with the max absorbing at shorter wavelengths. Prior to settlement the average for this class of cones was 487 nm whereas during and immediately following the settlement period the max recorded from individual outer segments was found to vary between 480 nm and 520 nm, with two possible classes of cone absorbance emerging within this range. These two classes of absorbance had average max values of 487 and 515 nm. The average max of the paired cone classes in one larger wild-settled fish were found to be at 506 nm and 530 nm. No change was detected in the max of the single cones or the rods which were always found to have a max of about 400 nm and 498 nm respectively. The loss of the redabsorbing pigment occurred over the same time scale as the metamorphosis of morphological features associated with the settlement process. It is thought that the loss of this visual pigment is associated with the change in light environment of the fishes as they leave the surface waters to begin a benthic mode of life in deeper water.Abbreviations AIMS
Australian Institute of Marine Science
- ANOVA
Analysis of variance
- IR
infra-red
- max
wavelength of maximum absorption
- MSP
microspectrophotometer
- NA
numerical aperture
- SL
standard length 相似文献
29.
T. W. Cronin N. J. Marshall R. L. Caldwell 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1993,172(3):339-350
1. | We examined the retinas of 2 species of stomatopods in the superfamily Squilloidea, Cloridopsis dubia and Squilla empusa, and 2 species of the super-family Lysiosquilloidea, Coronis scolopendra and Lysiosquilla sulcata, using microspectrophotometry in the visible region of the spectrum. |
2. | Retinas of all species included numerous photostable pigments, such as green reflecting pigment, hemocyanin, colored oil droplets, and vesicles. Both lysiosquilloid species also had intrarhabdomal filters within specialized photoreceptors of the midband. |
3. | Squilloid species contained a single visual pigment throughout all photoreceptors, with peak absorption at medium wavelengths (near 515nm). Retinas of lysiosquilloids contained a diversity of visual pigments, with estimated max values ranging from 397 to 551 nm. |
4. | Spectral sensitivity functions were estimated for the lysiosquilloid species based on estimates of visual pigment nax, photoreceptor dimensions, and specific absorbances of the visual pigments and intrarhabdomal filters. Ommatidia of midband Rows 1 to 4 contained pairs of narrowly tuned spectral receptors, appropriate for spectral discrimination, while ommatidia of midband Rows 5 and 6, and all peripheral ommatidia, had broad spectral sensitivity functions. |
5. | Lysiosquilloid stomatopods have retinas that closely resemble those of gonodactyloids both structurally and in their visual pigment diversity. In contrast, squilloids have retinas that are much simpler. These differences appear to be related to the habitats and activity cycles of species belonging to the 3 major superfamilies of stomatopod crustaceans. |
30.
Walter Nagl 《Plant cell reports》1993,12(3):170-174
Summary Somatic polyploidy of species-specific and tissue-specific degrees occurs in almost all plant species studied so far, but nearly nothing is known about the control mechanisms switching the mitotic cycle to an endoreduplication cycle. In order to search for a possible role of the cdc2 kinase, cell suspension cultures of the Runner bean, Phaseolus coccineus (Leguminosae) were treated with K-252a, an inhibitor of protein kinase activity. The treatment resulted in continuous cell cycles without mitosis, and hence induced polyploidy levels up to 2048C. It is, therefore, suggested that phosphorylation of a protein kinase, probably of the cell cycle-important p34cdc2 type, is involved in the control of endoreduplication. 相似文献