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61.
The compositional differences between domains in phase-separated membranes are associated with differences in bilayer thickness and moduli. The resulting packing deformation at the phase boundary gives rise to a line tension, the one dimensional equivalent of surface tension. In this paper we calculate the line tension between a large membrane domain and a continuous phase as a function of the thickness mismatch and the contact angle between the phases. We find that the packing-induced line tension is sensitive to the contact angle, reaching a minimum at a specific value. The difference in the line tension between a flat domain (that is within the plane of the continuous phase) and a domain at the optimal contact angle may be of order 40%. This could explain why previous calculations of the thickness mismatch based line tension tend to yield values that are higher than those measured experimentally. 相似文献
62.
Summary Microscopy techniques were used to identify the pathway of transport of soybean leaf vegetative storage proteins (VSP/ and VSP94) to the vacuoles of a specialized cell type, the paraveinal mesophyll (PVM), where they accumulate. PVM cells are enriched in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies relative to surrounding mesophyll cells. The margins of medial and trans Golgi cisternae had attached or closely associated noncoated vesicles with densely staining membranes and lumenal contents of the same appearance as material that accumulated in the vacuole. These vesicles appeared to be transported preferentially to the tonoplast, where fusion with the membrane released the granular contents into the vacuole. Cytochemical staining with phosphotungstic acid and silver methenamine supported this interpretation as both the Golgi vesicles and the tonoplast stained intensely with these reagents, unlike the tonoplast of mesophyll cells which do not accumulate VSP. Immunocytochemical localization for VSP/ labeled the Golgi bodies and associated vesicles, and vacuolar material in PVM cells, but not in mesophyll. Similar labeling was seen in PVM of another legume species previously found to accumulate antigenically similar VSPs. Immunolocalization for VSP94, a lipoxygenase, labeled the PVM cytosol and material in the PVM vacuole, but not the Golgi or vesicles. The results of this study demonstrate that the Golgi pathway is utilized for transport of VSP/ in the PVM, which follows the mechanism of deposition demonstrated for certain seed storage proteins. VSP94 appeared to follow a separate path for accumulation in PVM vacuoles.Abbreviations LOX
lipoxygenase
- PVM
paraveinal mesophyll
- RER
rough endoplasmic reticulum
- TEM
transmission electron 相似文献
63.
14-3-3 Proteins are thought to function as adapters in signaling complexes [1,2], thereby participating in cellular processes including vesicle trafficking and exocytosis [3,4]. To delineate further the function of 14-3-3 proteins during vesicle trafficking, we generated dominant-negative alleles of the two 14-3-3 homologues, Bmh1p and Bmh2p, in budding yeast and analyzed their phenotype in respect to exocytosis. Cells overexpressing the carboxy-terminal region of Bmh2p failed to polarize vesicular transport although bulk exocytosis remained unaffected and showed a disrupted actin cytoskeleton. Our data suggest that 14-3-3 proteins may act primarily on the actin cytoskeleton to regulate vesicle targeting. 相似文献
64.
The senescent process of scales in Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. was observed by means of light and transmission electron microscopy. Several layers of parenchymal cells near the adaxial cortex degraded at the outset, forming a clear broken cell zone. The degradation of cell protoplasm proceeded actively and orderly. Dictyosomes and endoplasmic reticulums produced many vesicles which were of priority importance during the process of protoplasmic degradation and intercellular transport of the degraded products. The abundant plasmodesmata between cells provided an efficient channel for the intercellular transport. 相似文献
65.
66.
Masataka Kusube 《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》2005,1668(1):25-32
In order to understand the effect of polar head group modification on the thermotropic and barotropic phase behavior of phospholipid bilayer membranes, the phase transitions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine (DPMePE), dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine (DPMe2PE) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer membranes were observed by differential scanning calorimetry and high-pressure optical methods. The temperatures of the so-called main transition from the gel (Lβ) or ripple gel (Pβ′) phase to the liquid crystalline (Lα) phase were almost linearly elevated by applying pressure. The slope of the temperature-pressure boundary, dT/dp, was in the range of 0.220-0.264 K MPa−1 depending on the number of methyl groups in the head group of lipids. The main-transition temperatures of N-methylated DPPEs decreased with increasing size of head group by stepwise N-methylation. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in thermodynamic quantities of the main transition between the phospholipids. With respect to the transition from the subgel (Lc) phase to the lamellar gel (Lβ or Lβ′) phase, the transition temperatures were also elevated by applying pressure. In the case of DPPE bilayer the Lc/Lβ transition appeared at a pressure higher than 21.8 MPa. At a pressure below 21.8 MPa the Lc/Lα transition was observed at a temperature higher than the main-transition temperature. The main (Lβ/Lα) transition can be recognized as the transformation between metastable phases in the range from ambient pressure to 21.8 MPa. Polymorphism in the gel phase is characteristic of DPPC bilayer membrane unlike other lipid bilayers used in this study: the Lβ′, Pβ′ and pressure-induced interdigitated gel (LβI) phases were observed only in the DPPC bilayer. Regarding the bilayers of DPPE, DPMePE and DPMe2PE, the interdigitation of acyl chain did not appear even at pressures as high as 200 MPa. 相似文献
67.
Hui Li Jing Yang Yayu Wang Zhijun Chen Sansi Tu Lingling Feng Yingguo Zhu Yangsheng Li 《Biotechnology letters》2009,31(6):905-910
A novel OSPGYRP gene encoding a rice proline-, glycine- and tyrosine-rich protein was isolated from cold-stress treated rice seedlings using
suppression subtractive hybridization. Both amino acid sequence analysis and subcellular localization confirm that OsPGYRP
is a novel protein involved in vesicle trafficking. The expression of the OSPGYRP gene was induced by cold, salt, and osmotic stress. In addition, expression of the OSPGYRP gene in E. coli increased the resistance to cold stress. These results show that OsPGYRP is a novel protein involved in vesicle trafficking
and plays an important role in plant adaptation to stress.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
68.
Ernesto Hernández-Zapata Luciano Martínez-Balbuena Iván Santamaría-Holek 《Journal of biological physics》2009,35(3):297-308
We propose a free energy expression accounting for the formation of spherical vesicles from planar lipid membranes and derive
a Fokker–Planck equation for the probability distribution describing the dynamics of vesicle formation. We find that formation
may occur as an activated process for small membranes and as a transport process for sufficiently large membranes. We give
explicit expressions for the transition rates and the characteristic time of vesicle formation in terms of the relevant physical
parameters. 相似文献
69.
70.
Membrane phosphatidylcholine homeostasis is maintained in part by a sensing device in the key regulatory enzyme, CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT). CCT responds to decreases in membrane phosphatidylcholine content by reversible membrane binding and activation. Two prominent isoforms, CCTα and -β2, have nearly identical catalytic domains and very similar membrane binding amphipathic helical (M) domains but have divergent and structurally disordered N-terminal (N) and C-terminal phosphorylation (P) regions. We found that the binding affinity of purified CCTβ2 for anionic membranes was weaker than CCTα by more than an order of magnitude. Using chimeric CCTs, insertion/deletion mutants, and truncated CCTs, we show that the stronger affinity of CCTα can be attributed in large part to the electrostatic membrane binding function of the polybasic nuclear localization signal (NLS) motif, present in the unstructured N-terminal segment of CCTα but lacking in CCTβ2. The membrane partitioning of CCTβ2 in cells enriched with the lipid activator, oleic acid, was also weaker than that of CCTα and was elevated by incorporation of the NLS motif. Thus, the polybasic NLS can function as a secondary membrane binding motif not only in vitro but in the context of cell membranes. A comparison of phosphorylated, dephosphorylated, and region P-truncated forms showed that the in vitro membrane affinity of CCTβ2 is more sensitive than CCTα to phosphorylation status, which antagonizes membrane binding of both isoforms. These data provide a model wherein the primary membrane binding motif, an amphipathic helical domain, works in collaboration with other intrinsically disordered segments that modulate membrane binding strength. The NLS reinforces, whereas the phosphorylated tail antagonizes the attraction of domain M for anionic membranes. 相似文献