植物生活史对策的进化

植物生活史对策的进化班勇（中国林业科学院林业研究所,北京１０００９１）ＥｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＬｉｆｅＨｉｓｔｏｒｙＳｔｒａｔｅｇｙｉｎＰｌａｎｔｓ￥ＢａｎＹｏｎｇ（ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏ...     

Life history variation among female surfperches (Perciformes: Embiotocidae)

Synopsis Life history variation within the family Embiotocidae is extensive and involves differences in age of first reproduction, fecundity schedules, growth rates, longevity and size of young. Based on maximum reported body lengths, there are three distinct size groups among the family's 23 species. Small species do not exceed 215 mm TL, medium-size species attain 275 to 335 mm TL, and the large species attain 380 to 470 mm TL. The longevity oh surfperches varies from two to ten years, growth is indeterminate, and females of the medium-and large-size groups may delay first reproduction beyond age one. With one exception, all species show increasing length-specific fecundities. The life history characteristics of females differ among the three size groups. Relative to smaller species, the largest species have moderately high fecundity, delayed maturity and long life. Medium-size species have low fecundity, may delay maturity for 1 to 3 years and have intermediate life spans. Small species have generally higher, but variable, fecundity, do not delay maturity, and are short lived. Among the small North American species, the trend in fecundity varies inversely with environmental predictability. Fecundity is highest in the species which occupies highly seasonal freshwater environments. Coastal species produce moderately large broods and species which occupy stable deep water environments produce the smallest broods.     

Crucial factors determining the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of threeAthalia sawflies feeding on common cruciferous plants

Three Athalia sawflies, A. japonica, A. rosae and A. infumata, feeding on cruciferous plants, coexist in Japan. However, it is not known what ecological strategies they use and what environmental factors are crucial to such strategies. I attempted to explain these questions by examining the relationship between the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of three Athalia sawflies and their habitats in three districts (Lowland, Intermediate and Mountain). The three sawflies have different spatio-temporal distribution patterns, though they usually used common cruciferous plants. A. japonica was abundant in spring and autumn but disappeared during summer in all the districts. In the Lowland, populations of A. rosae and A. infumata, like that of A. japonica, crashed in summer. However A. rosae occurred mainly in summer in the Intermediate and Mountain. Although A. infumata occurred in the same seasons as A. rosae in all districts, population levels of A. infumata were always lower than those of A. rosae. The crucial factors controlling their population patterns were the availability of host plants and temperature. Population crashes of A. rosae and A. infumata were due to food depletion, and those of A. japonica were due to heat stress. On the other hand, their population patterns may be interpreted as phenological synchronization with their original host plants, though they all existed on common cruciferous plants. The three sawflies may have evolved different strategies to escape from unfavorable habitat conditions. Such strategies are speculated to be summer diapause in A. japonica, long distance migration in A. rosae, and local dispersal in A. infumata.     

Growth-related changes in predation behavior in incipient colonies of the ponerine antEctatomma tuberculatum (Olivier)

Summary We traced the development in the laboratory of 18 young colonies of the arboricolous ponerine antEctatomma tuberculatum. Colony foundation is of the partially-claustral type. During the early stages, when the colony is entirely dependent on the queen's behavior, the growth of the colony in terms of number of workers produced over time was relatively predictable. Afterwards, divergence in colony growth in function of the time increases as fast as the number of workers influences the efficiency of colony provisioning.Comparative analysis indicated clear changes in the predation behavior of foundresses and workers as colonies developed. For any stage of colony growth, all individuals provisioned the nest with dead prey or sugar-rich substances in the same way. However, prey hunting involves two different strategies. Foundresses and nanitic workers (originating from colonies with 9–15 workers) foraged actively, catching prey as the result of random encounters. Post-nanitic foragers (originating from colonies with 20–30 workers) and those from nature colonies developed an ambush strategy. Workers in these colonies gained experience at catching and handling prey during a period when they acted as nest guards, and so tended to be more efficient hunters than poorly experienced foundresses or nanitic foragers. The change in strategy was also positively correlated with an increase in the size of workers as the colony matured. A stable maximum in workers size is apparently reached only after the appearance of efficiently hunting foragers, presumably in numbers sufficient to provide adequate quantity and quality of larval food. Such a correlation between worker size and colony growth, assumed general for all ants, has not been demonstrated for Ponerinae before this work.     

Life history characteristics of tule perch (Hysterocarpus traski) populations in contrasting environments

Synopsis The life history characteristics of tule perch were compared within and among populations in three drainages with substantially different environmental conditions. Within populations there were, in general, substantial increases in brood size, size of young, brood weight, and gonadal-somatic index (GSI) with age and with size of female. In at least one population there was a trade-off between the number and size of young produced. However, in a lake where individual growth was very slow, brood weight, GSI, and other life history characters showed decreasing trends with age. Among populations in isolated drainages, female length at first reproduction and longevity varied directly and mean brood size varied inversely with environmental predictability. Morphological and geological evidence and some comparative litter characteristics suggest that life history differences among populations in isolated drainages are in part genetic.     

Critical threshold meal size and molt initiation in Rhodnius prolixus

The molting process and body growth in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (Ståhl, 1859) are significantly influenced by the availability and quality of food. Based on the body weight of each stage, the present study provides estimates of a potential critical weight threshold required for molt initiation in R. prolixus. In addition, a new measure given by the area under the weight curve is proposed, which encapsulates both body weight and time. It is shown that this measure is consistent with the data, and allows the estimation of a pre‐refractory period (i.e. the time interval between the moment at which the critical weight threshold is reached and the moment when no further meals are accepted). The present analysis estimates the critical weight threshold as 1.6, 5.3, 12.9, 42.0 and 97.0 mg for stages 1–5, respectively, whereas the values of the area under the curve threshold as 5, 16, 31.2, 159.7 and 329.9 mg days for stages 1–5, respectively. The results of the present study confirm the existence of a weight‐dependent mechanism for the initiation of molting in R. prolixus.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌合成surfactin的发酵策略优化

Surfactin作为一种绿色生物表面活性素在多种领域均有潜在的应用价值,但是在生产过程中存在着泡沫难以控制的问题,阻碍了其实现工业化生产。因此在7L发酵罐水平探究了适合surfactin工业化生产的最佳发酵策略。研究结果表明,过量添加消泡剂会对微生物的生长造成不利影响而且会增加生产成本,以有机硅和大豆油为消泡剂时surfactin产量分别为1.42g/L和1.96g/L。通过改进发酵罐采用泡沫分离的发酵策略,不仅可以经济有效地解决泡沫难以控制的问题,而且可以实现surfactin的原位分离,surfactin产量为2.39g/L;基于泡沫分离式发酵,控制pH=7后surfactin产量提高至3.45g/L;又进一步通过控制DO≥20%后产量提高至5.07g/L。最后,将泡沫分离耦合pH、溶解氧控制及恒速补料,控制pH=7、DO≥20%、恒速流加速度1.39ml/min,可以将surfactin产量显著提高至6.04g/L,与添加消泡剂相比,产量提高了4.25倍。以上结果为surfactin的工业化生产提供了依据。     

Bi PAP呼吸机无创通气联合氧气驱动雾化吸入对慢阻肺合并呼吸衰竭的疗效

摘要 目的：研究Bi PAP呼吸机无创通气以及氧气驱动雾化吸入联用对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（慢阻肺）合并呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法：选择2016年12月～2018年12月我院的121例慢阻肺合并呼吸衰竭患者,随机分为两组。对照组采用Bi PAP呼吸机无创通气疗法,观察组联合氧气驱动雾化吸入布氨溴索和地奈德混悬液。比较两组的呼吸频率、血气指标和心率;血清肺表面活性相关蛋白D(Pulmonary surfactant related protein,SP-D)以及部活化调节趋化因子(PARC/CCL18)水平、肺功能。结果：观察组的有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,两组的呼吸频率、血气指标和心率明显改善(P<0.05),且观察组的呼吸频率、血气指标和心率明显优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,两组的血清PARC/CCL18 以及SP-D水平均明显降低(P<0.05),且观察组的血清PARC/CCL18 以及SP-D水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,两组的FEV₁%、呼吸困难指数以及FEV₁/FVC明显改善(P<0.05),且观察组的FEV₁%、呼吸困难指数以及FEV₁/FVC明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：Bi PAP呼吸机无创通气以及氧气驱动雾化吸入联用能改善慢阻肺合并呼吸衰竭的血气指标、生命体征和肺功能,降低血清 PARC/CCL18 以及SP-D水平。