用转基因植物生产基因工程疫苗

用转基因植物生产外源蛋白质产品是一个有吸引力的廉价生产系统,它有可能替代外源蛋白质的发酵生产系统。通过外源基因的瞬时表达或稳定表达方式,多种疫苗已在植物中产生,在植物中表达的抗原保持了它自身的免疫原性,植物在这方面的应用具有独特的优 点。     

Comparison between aseric and seric culture-derived exoantigens of Babesia divergens in their ability to induce immunoprotection in gerbils

Babesia divergens Rouen 1987 was cultivated with a high percentage of parasitized erythrocytes (30–40%) in either RPMI 1640 supplemented by 10% human serum or in a serum-free medium consisting of RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5 g/l Albumax I®. Analysis of serum and Albumax culture supernatants, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, revealed the presence of at least 10 parasitic exoantigens of B. divergens with molecular weights ranging between 27 and 200 kDa. The gerbils were injected twice, at 3-week intervals, with Albumax culture supernatants or seric culture supernatants. The vaccine doses ranged from 3 μl to 1.5 ml. The highest immunofluorescent antibody titers in gerbils (in 42 days) were obtained using Albumax supernatant and Quil A saponin as adjuvant. Analysis of the gerbil humoral response by immunoprecipitation showed that only three exoantigens were immunodominant: 92 kDa, 50 kDa and 37 kDa proteins. The gerbils were challenged 3 weeks after the last vaccine injection and the maximum protection was observed with vaccine doses ranging from 30 μl to 1.5 ml of culture supernatant and Quil A adjuvant. Albumax medium-derived antigens potentiated better protection at lower dose rates than that of serous medium-derived antigens (for example the gerbil mortality was 0% when they are immunized with 30 μl of Albumax supernatant and 100% with 30 μl of seric supernatant).     

用气相色谱法检测甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗中三氯甲烷含量

用气相色谱法检测甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗中的三氯甲烷含量。以正丙醇作内标,用峰高代替峰面积,采用HP INNOW_(ax)毛细管柱,程序升温方法,准确定量甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗中的三氯甲烷含量。结果显示,色谱法优于限量法,能准确定量,快速灵敏。色谱法可用于实际检测分析。     

Amblyomma americanum (L): Tick macrophage migration inhibitory factor peptide immunization lengthens lone star tick feeding intervals in vivo

Immunizations of New Zealand White rabbits with specific macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) tick peptide (PEP) produced circulating anti-tick PEP antibodies in the hosts. Antibody titers of greater than 1:5000 to tick MIF peptide were observed for crude sera from PEP-immunized rabbits. PEP- and BSA-vaccinated rabbits were infested with Amblyomma americanum adults. Feeding intervals, female weights, egg masses and percent egg hatch were measured for ticks feeding on control and immunized hosts. Feeding intervals were significantly lengthened to 13.3 days for PEP-vaccinated hosts compared to BSA-vaccinated controls at 12.4 days, while female engorgement weights and egg masses were unchanged. By immunizing hosts using specific tick PEP, we were able to alter the length of time the ticks fed on their hosts.     

A retrospective evaluation of the role of T cells in the development of malaria vaccine

Due to the fact that the life cycle of malaria parasites is complex, undergoing both an extracellular and intracellular phases in its host, the human immune system has to mobilize both the humoral and cellular arms of immune responses to fight against this parasitic infection. Whereas humoral immunity is directed toward the extracellular stages which include sporozoites and merozoites, cell-mediated immunity (CMI), in which T cells play a major role, targets hepatic stages - liver stages - of the parasites. In this review, the role of T cells in protective immunity against liver stages of the malaria infection is being re-evaluated. Furthermore, this review intends to address how to translate the findings regarding the role of T cells obtained in experimental systems to actual development of malaria vaccine for humans.     

Identification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) 2a-derived epitope peptides having the capacity to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes in human leukocyte antigen-A24+ and HCV2a-infected patients

Since virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role in preventing the spread of hepatitis C virus (HCV), vaccine-based HCV-specific CTL induction could be a promising strategy to treat HCV-infected patients. In this study, we tried to identify HCV2a-derived epitopes, which can induce human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A24-restricted and peptide-specific CTLs. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HCV2a-infected patients or healthy donors were stimulated in vitro with HCV2a-derived peptides, which were prepared based on the HLA-A24 binding motif. As a result, three peptides (HCV2a 576-584, HCV2a 627-635, and HCV2a 1085-1094) efficiently induced peptide-specific CTLs from HLA-A24(+) HCV2a-infected patients as well as healthy donors. The cytotoxicity was exhibited by peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells in an HLA-A24-restricted manner. In addition, the HCV2a 627-635 peptide was frequently recognized by immunoglobulin G of HCV2a-infected patients. These results indicate that the identified three HCV2a peptides might be applicable to peptide-based immunotherapy for HLA-A24(+) HCV2a-infected patients.     

腺病毒载体在基因治疗和疫苗研究中的应用

自从二十世纪五十年代开始认识腺病毒（Adenovirus）以来,对腺病毒的生物学和免疫学特征已经有比较多的认识。腺病毒科包括禽腺病毒属（Aviadenovius）和哺乳动物腺病毒（Mastadenov irus）两个属。除人腺病毒以外,一些哺乳动物的腺病毒和禽腺病毒也成为基因治疗和载体疫苗研究的热点,如猪腺病毒3型（PAV-3）、牛腺病毒3型（BAV-3）、绵羊腺病毒（Ovine adenovirus,OAV）、禽腺病毒（Aviadenovirus）、犬腺病毒（Canine adeno virus,CAV）和黑猩猩腺病毒（Chimpanzee adenovirus）。不同种属的腺病毒虽然基因组序列完全不同,但其结构和功能却非常相似,而且各型腺病毒之间很少有交叉免疫反应,这就为利用这些腺病毒研制基因治疗载体和活载体疫苗提供了丰富的材料。近年来的研究也发现,如果利用一种腺病毒载体来进行重复免疫,宿主针对腺病毒载体蛋白的免疫反应比较强大,造成转基因表达时间缩短,重复免疫的效果较差,换用不同的病毒载体,则可以回避这种免疫反应,提高转基因的表达时间和保护性免疫反应。腺病毒可以感染很多分裂期或静止期细胞,即使在一些高度分化的组织细胞中也可增殖,如可有效的感染肌肉组织、心、肺和脑组织,并能高效的复制、表达其基因产物,因此腺病毒成为基因治疗和活病毒载体疫苗研究的首选工具。     

Concise synthesis of the pentasaccharide O-antigen of Escherichia coli O83:K24:H31 present in the Colinfant vaccine

A block synthetic approach is presented for the synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigen of E. coli O83:K24:H31 strain, present in the “Colifant” vaccine. The target pentasaccharide has been synthesized by coupling a disaccharide with a trisaccharide in excellent yield. Yields are quite satisfactory in all intermediate steps. A concise synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the O-antigen of E. coli O83:K24:H31 strain, present in the COLINFANT vaccine is presented. The target pentasaccharide has been synthesized following a block synthetic strategy by coupling a disaccharide with a trisaccharide in excellent yield.     

Effective induction of anti-melanoma immunity following genetic vaccination with synthetic mRNA coding for the fusion protein EGFP.TRP2

RNA-based genetic immunization represents an alternative novel strategy for antigen-specific cancer vaccines. In the present paper we investigate the use of synthetic messenger RNA in an experimental melanoma model. We show that gene gun-based immunization using synthetic RNA mediates gene expression in the epidermis and effectively induces antigen-specific cellular and humoral immunity in mice in vivo. Importantly, bombardment of the skin with RNA coding for the melanocytic self-antigen TRP2 linked to the immunogenic protein EGFP was associated with protection against experimentally induced B16 melanoma lung metastases and vitiligo-like fur depigmentation. Our results provide a scientific basis for clinical trials using synthetic mRNA encoding melanocytic antigens linked to immunogenic helper proteins for vaccination of patients with melanoma. Julia Steitz and Cedrik M. Britten contributed equally to this work.