中亚热带森林群落不同演替阶段优势种凋落物分解试验

选择我国亚热带森林群落3个主要演替阶段的7个优势种（其中马尾松代表演替初期优势种,木荷和香樟代表演替中期优势种,甜槠、小叶青冈栎、青冈和乐昌含笑代表演替后期优势种）的凋落物,采用网袋法进行分解试验. 结果表明:马尾松凋落物分解得最慢,年分解速率为0.51;木荷和香樟居中,分别为0.55和0.61;小叶青冈栎和乐昌含笑分解得最快,分别为0.89和1.12.沿着植被顺向演替的梯度,凋落物分解速度呈现加快的趋势. 分解速率同凋落物的初始P、N和木质素含量及木质素/N比值呈极显著相关(P<0.01),同C/N比值有显著相关关系(P<0.05).凋落物的P、N和木质素含量及木质素/N比值是预测凋落物分解快慢的良好指标.     

Effects of Exogenous Spermidine on Antioxidant System Responses of Typha latifolia L. Under Cd2+ Stress

The effects of foliar spraying with spermidine (Spd), ranging in concentration from 0.25 to 0.50mmol/L, on the antioxidant system under Cd2 stress (range 0.1- 0.2 mmol/L Cd2 ) in Typha latifolia L.grown hydroponically were investigated in order to offer a referenced evidence for an understanding of the mechanism by which polyamines (PAs) relieve the damage to plants by heavy metal and improve the phytoremediation efficiency of heavy metal-contaminated water. The results showed that Cd2 stress inhydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in both leaves and caudices. With theexception of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the leaves, an increase in the activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) was observed in both leaves and caudices,SOD activity was increased in caudices, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was increased in leaves following Cd2 treatment. The reduced glutathione (GSH) content in both leaves and caudices and the reductive ascorbate content in leaves was obviously increased, which were prompted by the application of exogenous Spd. Spraying with Spd increased the activity of GR and APX in both leaves and caudices,whereas the activity of SOD, CAT, and GPX was increased only in caudices following spraying with Spd.with Spd. The decrease in MDA was more obvious following the application of 0.25 than 0.50 mmol/L Spd.It is supposed that exogenous Spd elevated the tolerance of T. latifolia under Cd2 stress primarily by increasing GR activity and the GSH level.     

宽叶香蒲净化塘系统净化铅／锌矿废水效应的研究

研究了以宽叶香蒲(Typha latifolia)为优势群落的净化塘系统来处理广东韶关凡口铅/锌矿选矿废水。经5年多的监测结果表明,该系统能有效地净化铅/锌石广废水。在进入净化塘系统前,未处理的废水合有高浓度的悬浮物(4 635mg/L)和重金属[Fb(1.61mg/L)、Zn(1.96mg/L)和Cd(0.022mg/L)]等,经过净化后,水质明显改善,pH从8.03下降到7.74,总悬浮物去除率达99％,Pb去除率为90％,Zn和Cd去除率为84％,其它重金属如Cu、Fe和Al等也都有不同程度的降低。     

蒙古香蒲,宽叶香蒲和长苞香蒲花粉的黄酮类化合物的研究

蒙古香蒲(Typha davidiana Hand.-Mazz.)宽叶香蒲(Typha latifolia L.)和长苞香蒲(Typha angustata Bory et Chaub)的干燥花粉中分别分离得到柚皮素(Ⅰ),异鼠李素(Ⅱ),檞皮素(Ⅲ),异鼠李素-3-O-(2~G-α-L-鼠李糖基)-芸香糖甙(Ⅳ),檞皮素-3-O-(2~G-α-L-鼠李糖基)-芸香糖甙(Ⅴ),异鼠李素-3-O-芸香糖甙(Ⅵ),异鼠李素-3-O-新橙皮糖甙(Ⅶ)和山奈酚-3-O-新橙皮糖甙(Ⅷ)。     

狭叶香蒲花粉（蒲黄）中的亲脂性成分

从狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia L.)的干燥花粉中分离到5个化合物,经理化试验和波谱分析其中4个化合物的结构确定为7-甲基-4-三十烷酮(7-methyl-4-triacontanone,Ⅰ)、6-三十三烷醇(6-tritriacontanol,Ⅱ)、二十五烷(pentacosane,Ⅲ)和β-谷甾醇棕榈酸酯(β-sitosterol patmitate,Ⅳ),另外还分得一个化合物Ⅴ。Ⅳ是降低血清胆固醇的有效成分。Ⅰ、Ⅱ是新化合物。     

Changes in the bacterial community structure in two-stage constructed wetlands with different plants for industrial wastewater treatment

This study focused on the diversity of bacterial communities from two series of two-stage constructed wetlands (CWs) treating tannery wastewater, under different hydraulic conditions. Series were separately planted with Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis in expanded clay aggregates and operated for 31 months. The effect of plant species, hydraulic loading and unit stage on bacterial communities was addressed through bacterial enumeration and denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Diverse and distinct bacterial communities were found in each system unit, which was related in part to the type of plant and stage position (first or second unit in the series). Numerical analysis of DGGE profiles showed high diversity in each unit with an even distribution of species. No clear relation was established between the sample collection time, hydraulic loading applied and the bacterial diversity.     

Effect of experimental phosphorus enrichment on oligotrophic tropical marshes in Belize,Central America

Sedges from genus Eleocharisdominate extensive wetlands in the sugar cane growing areas of the Caribbean. Correlative data suggest that macrophytes in these wetlands are phosphorus limited. To determine effects of increased P input that can be expected, e.g. from agricultural runoff, a common sugar cane fertilizer was applied to representative plots in four marl-based and four peat-based marshes. The plots were located in the proximity of patches of Typha domingensis, which has been reported to be able to outcompete Eleocharis under nutrient rich conditions. Responses to the fertilizer treatment were documented as changes in: Plant height, density, biomass, net primary production, nutrient resorption, decomposition, plant and soil nutrient concentrations, percent cover of cyanobacterial mats, and potential colonization by Typha. Additions of phosphorus significantly increased plant density and height and, consequently, the aboveground net primary production. Phosphorus resorption efficiency following senescence was independent of fertilizer addition in Eleocharis but decreased in Typha from the fertilized plots. Phosphorus resorption proficiency was lower in fertilized plots for both Typha and Eleocharis. Decomposition of litter and cellulose assays was significantly faster in fertilized plots. No spontaneous establishment of Typha occurred in the fertilized plots, but survival of transplanted Typha was higher in fertilized plots than in controls. Increased plant density in fertilized plots led to elimination of a key component of these ecosystems, the nitrogen fixing cyanobacterial mats.     

Effects of experimental harvesting of an invasive hybrid cattail on wetland structure and function

Invasive plants, such as the hybrid cattail Typha × glauca, can reduce biodiversity and alter the ability of wetlands to provide critical ecosystem services, including nutrient cycling and carbon storage. Several approaches have been used to reduce Typha dominance and restore invaded wetlands, but long‐term studies assessing benefits of these restoration efforts are limited. A previous study demonstrated that aboveground harvesting of Typha × glauca stems and litter reduced Typha dominance 2 years post‐treatment in a Great Lakes coastal wetland. In the current study, we extended monitoring of experimental aboveground Typha harvest to 4 years post‐treatment and added assessments of treatment effects on soil nutrients, carbon emissions, and microbial community composition. Aboveground harvest treatment resulted in a dramatic reduction in Typha litter cover that persisted for 4 years, increased soil temperature, and increased abundance of the native plant genus Carex. However, aboveground harvest treatment did not significantly reduce Typha abundance, nor did it have significant effects on soil nutrient concentrations, carbon fluxes, or the taxonomic composition of soil microbial communities. We did observe differences in bacterial community composition between plots based on time since Typha invasion, which may indicate some legacy effects of Typha invasion. At the scale of this experiment (4 × 4 m plots), our results indicate that a single aboveground removal of Typha × glauca is not sufficient to restore a heavily invaded freshwater wetland ecosystem, and that periodic harvesting of Typha stems and litter may be required to maintain native plant abundance.     

Root aerobic respiration and growth characteristics of three Typha species in response to hypoxia

The responses of root aerobic respiration to hypoxia in three common Typha species were examined. Typha latifolia L., T. orientalis Presl, and T. angustifolia L. were hydroponically cultivated under both aerobic and hypoxic growth conditions to measure root oxygen consumption rates. Hypoxia significantly enhanced the root aerobic respiration capacity of the two deep-water species, T. orientalis and T. angustifolia, while it did not affect that of the shallow-water species, T. latifolia. T. angustifolia increased its root porosity and root mass ratio, while T. latifolia increased its root diameter under the hypoxic growth conditions. The relative growth rates in biomass of T. orientalis and T. angustifolia were 59 and 39% higher, respectively, under the hypoxic growth conditions than under the aerobic growth conditions. In contrast, that of T. latifolia did not differ between the two conditions. In T. orientalis and T. angustifolia, enhanced root aerobic respiration rates under the hypoxic growth conditions would have increased the nutrient uptake, and thus higher relative growth rates were obtained. For the deep-water species, T. orientalis and T. angustifolia, the root aerobic respiration capacity was enhanced, probably in order to maintain the generation of respiratory energy under hypoxia.     

Constraints on Sedge Meadow Self‐Restoration in Urban Wetlands

Invasive plants and urban run‐off constrain efforts to restore sedge meadow wetlands. We asked if native graminoids can self‐restore following the removal of Typha × glauca (hybrid cattail), and if not, what limits their recovery? After we harvested Typha and depleted its rhizome starch reserves, Carex spp. expanded vegetatively (approximately 1 m over 2 years) but not by recruiting seedlings. A seedling emergence experiment showed that seed banks were depleted where Typha had eliminated the sedge meadow over a decade ago (based on aerial photo analysis). Carex seedling emergence was 75–90% lower where Carex was absent than where it remained in the plant community, and at least 17 species that were abundant 30 years ago were absent from the seed bank and extant vegetation. By varying hydroperiod, we showed that prolonged flooding prevented emergence of Carex seedlings and that a fluctuating hydroperiod reduced emergence and ultimately killed all Carex seedlings. In contrast, Typha seedlings emerged and survived regardless of hydroperiod. Thus, slow vegetative expansion by Carex, depauperate seed banks, and altered hydroperiods all constrain self‐restoration. To compensate for multiple constraints on self‐restoration, we recommend a long‐term management approach that capitalizes on flooding and the capacity of Carex spp. to regrow vegetatively. We suggest annually harvesting swaths of Typha at the edges of clones, before or during flood events, to allow gradual, vegetative self‐restoration of Carex spp.