实验室内树鼩爆发间质性肺炎的报告

在动物室内饲养的树鼩于2003年4月至8月爆发了一次间质性肺炎。疫情特征为患病动物呼吸窘迫,发病急,死亡率高,主要累及新生或幼年动物,红霉素类抗生素有显著的防治效果。病理检查见光镜下肺组织呈间质性肺炎改变,肺泡腔内无渗出。推测此次疫情的病原为肺炎支原体。     

Amplitude of the daily rhythm of body temperature in eleven mammalian species

The amplitude of the daily rhythm of body temperature was investigated in 11 species of small mammals. Recording equipment, housing and environmental conditions were identical for all species. Intraperitoneal temperature was measured by telemetry at 6 min intervals for 10 or more days. The results indicate that the amplitude of the body temperature rhythm is a species-specific trait in small mammals. Interspecies differences in amplitude are not a function of surface area (as determined by body size) but seem to relate to diurnality (nocturnal species displaying smaller amplitude than diurnal ones) and habitat (species from temperate habitats displaying smaller amplitude than species from desert and tropical habitats).     

黄连对正常氧和慢性间歇性低压低氧大鼠离体胸主动脉收缩活动的影响

目的：观察黄连对正常氧和慢性间歇性低压低氧（CIHH）大鼠离体胸主动脉收缩活动的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法：取青年雄性SD大鼠,随机分为正常氧组和CIHH组。前者不予任何处理,后者于低压氧舱接受28d模拟海拔5000m高度的低压低氧（PB=404mmHg,PO2=84mmHg,11．1％O2）处理,每天6h。制备大鼠离体胸主动脉环并将其恒温灌流,记录黄连对动脉环收缩活动的影响并研究其作用机制。结果：黄连使去甲肾上腺素（NE）和氯化钾（KCl）诱发的正常氧和CIHH大鼠离体动脉环收缩活动明显减弱,但其对两组大鼠动脉收缩的抑制作用无明显差异。除去内皮后各组收缩幅度均无显著变化。以收缩幅度为指标,用Logit法计算正常氧组黄连对NE和KCl诱发收缩的ICso分别为2．99g／L和6．14g／L,CIHH组则分别为3．45g／L和5．81g／L。格列苯脲、左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯可部分阻断黄连对两组大鼠动脉环收缩活动的抑制作用,吲哚美辛还能抑制黄连对正常氧大鼠动脉的舒张作用。黄连明显抑制NE诱发的两组血管细胞内钙性和细胞外钙性收缩。结论：黄连对正常氧和CIHH大鼠离体胸主动脉环具有明显舒张作用,该作用不依赖血管内皮,且在两组之间无显著差异。其抑制CIHH大鼠血管收缩的机制可能是通过激活ATP敏感型钾通道,增加一氧化氮浓度,抑制肌浆网释放Ca2＋及细胞外Ca2＋内流;对正常氧大鼠动脉的舒张作用可能还通过增加局部前列环素。     

冷驯化及复温对中缅树鼩白色脂肪组织中Ucp1和Cd137表达的影响

为探讨中缅树鼩(Tupaia belangeri) 白色脂肪组织（white adipose tissue, WAT）应对环境温度变化的适应机制,以荧光标记的Ucp1和Cd137抗体分别对中缅树鼩WAT进行标记,利用流式细胞术分选分析出对照组、冷驯化28d组、复温28d组阳性的白色脂肪细胞。结果发现：WAT中表达Ucp1、Cd137阳性的白色脂肪细胞百分数,在冷驯化组均显著高于对照组,而复温组均显著低于冷驯化组,恢复至对照组水平。表明：冷驯化诱导中缅树鼩WAT中表达Ucp1、Cd137的阳性细胞群增加,显示冷驯化能诱导中缅树鼩的WAT发生褐变;复温后表达Ucp1、Cd137阳性的白色脂肪细胞百分数恢复到对照水平,反映出WAT的可塑性。因此,WAT的可塑性调节也是中缅树鼩适应环境温度变化的重要产热机制。     

乙型肝炎病毒树鼩体内慢性感染模型的研究历程和展望

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是全球和我国的重要健康问题,建立方便有效的HBV感染动物体内模型是开展HBV相关基础和临床研究的重要前提。该实验室地处乙型肝炎和肝癌高发流行的广西地区,自建立以来一直以肝癌的病因、发病机制和化学预防作为主要研究方向,于20世纪80年代初开始树鼩体内感染HBV模型方面的研究并持续至今。该文对此研究历程作一概述,并重点介绍关于用新生树鼩慢性感染HBV的新进展。     

Somatostatin-immunoreactive senile plaque-like structures in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of aged tree shrews and Japanese macaques

BACKGROUND: Previously, we demonstrated decreased expression of somatostatin mRNA in aged macaque brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. To investigate whether or not this age-dependent decrease in mRNA is related to morphological changes, we analyzed somatostatin cells in the cerebra of aged Japanese macaques and compared them with those in rats and tree shrews, the latter of which are closely related to primates. Methods: Brains of aged macaques, tree shrews, and rats were investigated by immunohistochemistry with special emphasis on somatostatin. Results: We observed degenerating somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the cortices of aged macaques and tree shrews. Somatostatin-immunoreactive senile plaque-like structures were found in areas 6 and 8 and in the nucleus accumbens of macaques, as well as in the nucleus accumbens and the cortex of aged tree shrews, where amyloid accumulations were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Somatostatin degenerations may be related to amyloid accumulations and may play roles in impairments of cognitive functions during aging.     

中国五味子分布范围及气候变化影响预测

结合文献资料、标本记录和实际调查绘制了中国五味子分布图,并基于五味子分布范围和21个环境因子,运用Maxent软件预测了IPCC A2和A1B两种气候变化情景下21世纪50和80年代中国五味子分布范围.结果表明:五味子分布于中国15省/市(区),涉及151个县,随着纬度和经度的降低,面积逐渐减少,黑龙江、辽宁、内蒙古和吉林4省(区)是五味子主要分布区域;五味子在中国的潜在分布面积为145.12×104 km2,较好生境面积占48.6％,主要分布在长白山山脉、大兴安岭、小兴安岭以及河北省与辽宁省相邻区域;最佳生境面积仅占0.3％,主要分布在辽宁省的宽甸满族自治县、本溪满族自治县、桓仁满族自治县以及吉林省的安图县、和龙市和内蒙古自治区牙克石市.在A1B和A2两种情景下,未来五味子潜在分布区逐渐减少,A2情景的五味子潜在分布区下降比率大于AIB情景;至21世纪50年代,A1B和A2情景下五味子潜在分布区将缩减为当前潜在分布区面积的84.0％和81.5％;至21世纪80年代,A2情景下五味子潜在分布区仅为当前的0.5％,B2情景下五味子潜在分布区减至当前的1/2.     

The Ear Region of the Pen-tailed Treeshrew, Ptilocercus lowii Gray, 1848 (Placentalia, Scandentia, Ptilocercidae)

The ear region of the pen-tailed treeshrew, Ptilocercus lowii Gray, 1848 (Scandentia, Ptilocercidae), is described and illustrated in detail based on five museum specimens from the National Museum of Natural History, two with the auditory bulla removed exposing the intratympanic surfaces. Soft tissues (arteries, veins, nerves, and muscles) are reconstructed onto the adult skulls based on published reports of these elements in a fetal P. lowii. Comparisons are made with four specimens of the common treeshrew, the tupaiid Tupaia glis (Diard, 1820), from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, including one with the auditory bulla removed. The mammalian ear region widely is regarded to be a rich source of characters for phylogenetic analysis. This study supports this view by identifying numerous features that are shared between the two treeshrews as well as numerous features that distinguish them. Several features used in the past to distinguish tupaiid treeshrews from primates are found to differ between P. lowii and T. glis: the composition of the bony tubes for the internal carotid artery and the composition of the intrabullar septa and spaces. Despite the compositional differences, it seems likely that the bony carotid tubes and intrabullar septa and spaces shared by P. lowii and T. glis occurred in their common ancestor. Evaluating the utility of these and other ear region features awaits future phylogenetic analysis of treeshrews and related Euarchontoglires.     

Postnatal differentiation of the gametogenic and endocrine functions of the testis in the tree-shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

Summary Testicular development was studied in Tupaia belangeri (tree-shrew) from birth to sexual maturity. At birth the seminiferous cords contained peripheral supporting cells and centrally located gonocytes. Large foetal Leydig cells were prominent in the interstitium. The mitotic index of the gonocytes was low at birth and rose to peak levels at Day 20, following the regression of the foetal generation of Leydig cells, and during the nadir in circulating testosterone concentrations. Mitotic activity returned to low levels at Day 30 in association with the reappearance of differentiated Leydig cells and the first signs of increased androgenesis. The negative temporal relationship between mitogenesis and androgenic function suggests that the proliferation of the gonocytes does not require, and may be inhibited by, high titres of androgens. Post-mitotic development of the gonocytes occurred during a period of rising testosterone levels, and the first appearance of spermatogonia coincided with peak testosterone levels. This indicates that androgens may be specifically involved in the initiation of spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis progressed to completion during a phase of declining testosterone levels. The precise temporal correlations established during post-natal development suggest that the tree-shrew is a suitable animal model for studies on the endocrine control of the initiation of spermatogenesis in primates.     

Structure and postnatal development of photoreceptors and their synapses in the retina of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangen)

Summary The all cone retina of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) was examined in the adult and early postnatal stages by light and electron microscopy. Rods are not as rare as previously thought, but make up about 4% of the photoreceptors. They are relatively short and narrow cells, which stain (toluidine blue) more intensively and lie more proximal than cones. Among the cones three morphological varieties could be distinguished. Most cones stain lightly but have a light or a dark giant mitochondrion in their inner segment; a third type stains darker but occurs only rarely. All cones possess extensive radial processes (lateral fins) around the basal part of their inner segments. Such fins are well known from reptiles and birds, but have only once been described in a mammal (gray squirrel).The maturation of the retina in Tupaia belangeri proceeds centrifugally, i.e., from the vitreal to the scleral side, as in most mammals. A few synapses are already present at birth in the outer and inner plexiform layers, but seem to be more advanced in the latter. Such early synapses are small and have only few synaptic vesicles; they appear almost mature by day 14. The light-sensitive outer segments develop last. The first disks are seen by day 10, but regular membrane stacks are only present by day 18. Thus, it seems that the retina is functional when the young first open their eyes, which occurs around day 18.