神经肌肉关节促进训练对脑性瘫痪患儿智力及肢体功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨神经肌肉关节促进训练对脑性瘫痪(cerebral palsy,CP,脑瘫)患儿智力及肢体功能的影响。方法：2016年12月到2018年12月选择在本院儿保科门诊就诊的脑瘫患儿134例,根据治疗方法分为观察组与对照组,各67例。对照组给予常规康复训练,观察组在对照组给予神经肌肉关节促进训练,两组康复观察3个月,记录智力及肢体功能变化情况。结果：观察组的总有效率为98.5 %,高于对照组的83.6 %(P<0.05)。两组康复后的粗大运动功能测试量表(gross motor function measure, GMFM)评分都高于康复前(P<0.05),观察组高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组康复后的适应与语言行为评分都高于康复前(P<0.05),观察组也高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组康复后的F波振幅高于康复前(P<0.05),阈值低于康复前(P<0.05),康复后观察组与对照组对比差异也都有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：神经肌肉关节促进训练在脑瘫患儿的应用能促进改善智力及肢体功能,重建患儿的肌电功能,从而提高治疗效果。     

Preferred step frequency during downhill running may be determined by muscle activity

It is well established that metabolic cost is minimized at an individual’s running preferred step frequency (PSF). It has been proposed that the metabolic minimum at PSF is due to a tradeoff between mechanical factors, however, this ignores muscle activity, the primary consumer of energy. Thus, we hypothesized that during downhill running, total muscle activity would be greater with deviations from PSF. Specifically, we predicted that slow step frequencies would have greater stance activity while fast step frequencies would have greater swing activity. We collected metabolic cost and leg muscle activity data while 10 healthy young adults ran at 3.0 m/s for 5 min at level and downhill at PSF and ±15% PSF. In support of our hypothesis, there was a significant main effect for step frequency for both metabolic cost and total muscle activity. In addition, there was greater muscle activity in the stance phase during the slower step frequency while muscle activity was greater in the swing phase during the fast step frequency. This suggests that PSF is partially determined by the tradeoff between the greater cost of muscle activity in the swing phase and lower cost in the stance phase with faster step frequency.     

Vitamin E supplementation modifies adaptive responses to training in rat skeletal muscle

Abstract

Aim of the present study was to test, by vitamin E treatment, the hypothesis that muscle adaptive responses to training are mediated by free radicals produced during the single exercise sessions. Therefore, we determined aerobic capacity of tissue homogenates and mitochondrial fractions, tissue content of mitochondrial proteins and expression of factors (PGC-1, NRF-1, and NRF-2) involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, we determined the oxidative damage extent, antioxidant enzyme activities, and glutathione content in both tissue preparations, mitochondrial ROS production rate. Finally we tested mitochondrial ROS production rate and muscle susceptibility to oxidative stress. The metabolic adaptations to training, consisting in increased muscle oxidative capacity coupled with the proliferation of a mitochondrial population with decreased oxidative capacity, were generally prevented by antioxidant supplementation. Accordingly, the expression of the factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, which were increased by training, was restored to the control level by the antioxidant treatment. Even the training-induced increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione level and tissue capacity to oppose to an oxidative attach were prevented by vitamin E treatment. Our results support the idea that the stimulus for training-induced adaptive responses derives from the increased production, during the training sessions, of reactive oxygen species that stimulates the expression of PGC-1, which is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzymes expression. On the other hand, the observation that changes induced by training in some parameters are only attenuated by vitamin E treatment suggests that other signaling pathways, which are activated during exercise and impinge on PGC-1, can modify the response to the antioxidant integration.     

Exercise training provides cardioprotection via a reduction in reactive oxygen species in rats submitted to myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol

Exercise training has demonstrated cardioprotection effects. However, the exact mechanism behind this effect is not is clear. The present study evaluated the effects of 12 weeks of previous treadmill training on the levels of oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme activity and injury in the myocardium of rats submitted to infarction induced by isoproterenol (ISO). Isoproterenol treatment (80 mg/kg given over 2 days in two equal doses) caused arrhythmias and 60% mortality within 24 h of the last injection in the control group (C + ISO) group when compared with the saline control group (saline). Creatine Kinase ? MB levels were markedly increased in hearts from ISO-treated animals in the C + ISO group. Twelve weeks of treadmill training reduced superoxide production, lipid peroxidation levels and protein carbonylation in these animals, as well as increasing the activities and expressions of SOD and CAT. Previous training also reduced CK-MB levels and numbers of deaths by 40%, preventing the deleterious effects of ISO. Based on the data obtained in this study, it is suggested that 12-week treadmill training increases antioxidant enzymes, decreases oxidative damage and reduces the degree of infarction induced by ISO in the hearts of male rats.     

Effects of 6 months of endurance training on neutrophil functions to produce reactive oxygen species and mental states in male long‐distance runners

To clarify changes of neutrophil functions, mental conditions and relationships among them, 19 male elite long‐distance runners participated in this study for 6 months. Examinations, with informed consent, were carried out once a month. According to the results of physical characteristics, it was thought that training intensity was reduced after the main race, Hakone‐Ekiden. Neutrophil functions were estimated by indices of reactive oxygen species production, determined by luminol‐ and lucigenin‐dependent chemiluminescence (LmCL and LgCL, respectively) and cytochrome c reduction methods. The peak times (PT) in LmCL and LgCL (LgPT) were most prolonged in January and December, respectively. The peak heights (PH) in LmCL (LmPH) were enhanced in February. Decreased levels of negative categories in the profile of mood state (POMS) questionnaire and the total mood state (TMS) of POMS were observed in February without significance. Correlation analysis using measured values revealed significant negative correlation between LmPH and negative categories in POMS; however, these correlations were possibly a mere appearance, caused by personal differences. After eliminating personal differences, LgPT correlated positively to depression (p < 0.05), anger (p < 0.05), fatigue (p < 0.01) and TMS (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the mean time from the recognition of foreign matter to the maximum production of superoxide from neutrophils is prolonged in the mentally suppressed conditions found under continuous physical training. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

早期强化步行基本功训练对脑卒中的预后分析

目的：分析早期强化步行基本功训练对脑卒中预后的影响。方法：选取我院2008年10月一2011年10月收治的176例恢复期脑卒中患者,按照随机数字表分为观察组及对照组,各88例,均接受常规药物治疗和康复训练,观察组在此基础上接受早期强化步行基本功训练,对比两组患者的预后。结果：两组患者治疗后FMA—LE、BBS及MBI评分均见上升,观察组较对照组上升程度更为明显（P〈0．05）,T2时期观察组评分亦见升高,而对照组评分与T1时期相比无明显统计学差异（P〉0．05）;两组患者治疗后步长、步宽及步速均见上升,观察组较对照组上升程度更为明显（P〈0．05）,T2时期观察组步态参数亦见升高,而对照组步态参数与T1时期相比无明显统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：早期强化步行基本功训练能够有效改善脑卒中患者下肢运动功能和平衡能力,保证治疗后步行功能,避免生活质量下降,该康复方法值得广泛推广。     

The magnitude of physical exercise-induced hyperthermia is associated with changes in the intestinal permeability and expression of tight junction genes in rats

We investigated whether the magnitude of exercise-induced hyperthermia influences intestinal permeability and tight junction gene expression. Twenty-nine male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: rest at 24 °C and exercise at 13 °C, 24 °C or 31 °C. The exercise consisted of a 90-min treadmill run at 15 m/min, and different ambient temperatures were used to produce distinct levels of exercise-induced hyperthermia. Before the experimental trials, the rats were treated by gavage with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid labeled with technetium-99 metastable as a radioactive probe. The rats' core body temperature (T_CORE) was measured by telemetry. Immediately after the trials, the rats were euthanized, and the intestinal permeability was assessed by measuring the radioactivity of blood samples. The mRNA levels of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) genes were determined in duodenum samples. Exercise at 24 °C increased T_CORE to values close to 39 °C, without changing permeability compared with the resting trial at the same environment. Meanwhile, rats’ T_CORE exceeded 40 °C during exercise at 31 °C, leading to greater permeability relative to those observed after exercise in the other ambient temperatures (e.g., 0.0037%/g at 31 °C vs. 0.0005%/g at 13 °C; data expressed as medians; p < 0.05). Likewise, the rats exercised at 31 °C exhibited higher mRNA levels of ZO-1 and occludin genes than the rats exercised at 24 °C or 13 °C. The changes in permeability and gene expression were positively and significantly associated with the magnitude of hyperthermia. We conclude that marked hyperthermia caused by exercise in the warmer environment increases intestinal permeability and mRNA levels of tight junction genes.     

THE RELEVANT USE OF THE TRADITIONAL TUNISIAN GAME ‘‘RAQASSA’’ FOR CARDIOVASCULAR STIMULATION IN SCHOOLCHILDREN

The aim of this study was to investigate the heart rate (HR) responses, the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and the feeling during physical education schooling while performing traditional games activities compared to intermittent exercise. Nineteen pre-pubertal children randomly performed on different days two types of lessons (intermittent running mode vs. traditional Tunisian “Raqassa” game) lasting 12-min each. HR was continuously recorded during both lessons, while ratings of perceived exertion and Feeling values were recorded after the sessions. The mean HR value during the traditional game was significantly higher than during intermittent exercise (p<0.05). Conversely, the perceived exertion score was significantly higher after intermittent exercise than the traditional exercise game (p<0.05), showing that the higher cardiovascular strain of the game was perceived as “lighter” than the run. Simultaneously, the children''s Feeling was significantly higher after the traditional game than intermittent exercise (p<0.001), showing a higher satisfaction from playing with respect to running. Exercise based on the “Raqassa” traditional game could be used in pre-pubertal children as an alternative or as an additional method for suitable cardiovascular stimulation during physical education lessons with lower perceived exertion and better feeling compared to intermittent running.     

THE EFFECTS OF BACK EXTENSION TRAINING ON BACK MUSCLE STRENGTH AND SPINAL RANGE OF MOTION IN YOUNG FEMALES

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a 10-week dynamic back extension training programme and its effects on back muscle strength, back muscle endurance and spinal range of motion (ROM) for healthy young females. Seventy-three young females (age: 19.32±1.80 years, height: 158.89±4.71 cm, body weight: 55.67±6.30 kg) volunteered for the study. Prior to the training period, all participants completed anthropometric measurements, back muscle strength and endurance test, lateral bending and spinal ROM measurements. After measurements, the participants were divided into two groups. The exercise group (N:35) performed the dynamic back extension exercise 3 days per week for 10 weeks. The control group (N:38) did not participate in any type of exercise. The mixed design ANOVA (group x time) was used to determine the difference in pre- and post-training values. The present findings show that there were significant differences between pre-training and post-training values for back muscle strength and spinal ROM in the exercise group. Following the dynamic strength training programme, back muscle strength and spine ROM values except flexion of the lumbar 5-sacrum 1 (L5-S1) segment of the exercise group showed a significant increase when compared with the pre test values. The control group did not show any significant changes when compared with the pre-training values. The results demonstrate that the 10-week dynamic strength training programme was effective for spinal extension ROM and back muscle strength, but there was no change in back muscle endurance. In this context, this programme could potentially be used to prevent the decrease of spinal ROM as well as provide an increase in the fitness parameters of healthy individuals.     

Dog training as a violence prevention tool for at-risk adolescents

Abstract

Humane education programs often target at-risk children and seek to teach empathy and gentleness with animals, but few of these have been assessed. This prospective, longitudinal study examined the effects of “Teaching Love and Compassion” (TLC), a humane education program employing educational group discussions and dog training for seventh-grade, inner city youth in Los Angeles, California. The TLC program is offered to groups of 10 to 12 students during their three-week vacation at the year-round school. Students for the experimental and control groups were selected from the pool of those scoring below the 25th percentile in reading and mathematics. The study, conducted over a two-year period, assessed four successive sessions, comprising an experimental group of 41 children and a control group of 42 children. In morning sessions, the experimental group had discussions focusing on interpersonal issues and conflict management. In the afternoons they were taught the proper care and obedience training of shelter dogs. Pre-, post-, and follow-up tests, specially developed to accommodate the children's reading ability and scheduling constraints, were given to both the experimental and control groups to assess their knowledge of animal care, conflict management skills, attitudes toward self and others, and fear of dogs. Members of the experimental group increased their understanding of pet care and the needs of animals and retained this information more than did the control group for all four TLC sessions, both at post-testing (F=58.4, p=0.0001) and follow-up testing (F=18.9, p=0.0001). At post-testing, the experimental group showed a trend toward a decreased fear of dogs (F=3.6, p=0.062), that was significant at follow-up testing (F=4.2, p=0.019). For these children who are exposed to daily violence and aggression to people and animals, these modest changes were associated with the three-week intervention.