干扰小RNA序列非依赖性地影响胰腺癌细胞的基因表达

干扰小RNA(small interference RNA, siRNA)是基因敲减的常用工具,广泛用于基因沉默技术和基因功能研究,在临床疾病治疗等方面也有潜在的应用。一般认为,达到一定长度（比如大于27 bp）的双链RNA可以诱导干扰素反应,降低相关基因的表达。目前,siRNA对基因表达的非特异性作用尚不完全清楚。为研究siRNA干扰的非特异基因表达,本研究以胰腺癌细胞HPAC 和BxPC3 为模型,采用高通量测序技术对6种不同干扰小RNA处理及未作处理的HPAC和BxPC3细胞进行转录组测序分析,筛选出干扰小RNA处理后表达量共同下调的基因进行研究。通过生物信息学方法对表达下调基因的功能进行研究,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术对部分下调基因进行验证。结果表明,短片段双链小RNA能够显著改变细胞的基因表达,而这些基因表达谱的变化是有规律的,特定功能的基因优先发生变化。在表达下调的基因中,某些特定类型的基因变化非常显著,包括氨基酸代谢相关基因、Hedgehog信号途径基因和多巴胺受体D5基因等。这些结果表明,在使用siRNA时需要考虑其序列非依赖性地基因表达调控作用。     

Plant physiology in theory and practice: An analysis of the WBE model for vascular plants

The theoretical model of West, Brown and Enquist (hereafter WBE) proposed the fractal geometry of the transport system as the origin of the allometric scaling laws observed in nature. The WBE model has either been criticized for some restrictive and biologically unrealistic constraints or its reliability debated on the evidence of empirical tests. In this work, we revised the structure of the WBE model for vascular plants, highlighting some critical assumptions and simplifications and discuss them with regard to empirical evidence from plant anatomy and physiology. We conclude that the WBE model had the distinct merit of shedding light on some important features such as conduit tapering. Nonetheless, it is over-simplistic and a revised model would be desirable with an ontogenetic perspective that takes some important phenomena into account, such as the transformation of the inner sapwood into heartwood and the effect of hydraulic constraints in limiting the growth in height.     

Characterisation of glucose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with plasma membrane vesicles (countertransport) and intact cells (initial uptake) with single Hxt1, Hxt2, Hxt3, Hxt4, Hxt6, Hxt7 or Gal2 transporters

The yeast glucose transporters Hxt1, Hxt2, Hxt3, Hxt4, Hxt6, Hxt7 and Gal2, individually expressed in an hxt1-7 null mutant strain, demonstrate the phenomenon of countertransport. Thus, these transporters, which are the most important glucose transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are facilitated diffusion transporters. Apparent K(m)-values from high to low affinity, determined from countertransport and initial-uptake experiments, respectively, are: Hxt6 0.9+/-0.2 and 1.4+/-0.1 mM, Hxt7 1.3+/-0.3 and 1.9+/-0.1 mM, Gal2 1.5 and 1.6+/-0.1 mM, Hxt2 2.9+/-0.3 and 4.6+/-0.3 mM, Hxt4 6.2+/-0.5 and 6.2+/-0.3 mM, Hxt3 28.6+/-6.8 and 34.2+/-3.2 mM, and Hxt1 107+/-49 and 129+/-9 mM. From both independent methods, countertransport and initial uptake, the same range of apparent K(m)-values was obtained for each transporter. In contrast to that in human erythrocytes, the facilitated diffusion transport mechanism of glucose in yeast was symmetric. Besides facilitated diffusion there existed in all single glucose transport mutants, except for the HXT1 strain, significant first-order behaviour.     

FSH通过SATB1调控上皮性卵巢癌ES-2细胞的增殖和侵袭活性

目的：探讨特异AT序列结合蛋白1（special AT-rich sequence-bindingprotein,SATB1）在卵泡刺激素（Follicle stimulating hor-mone,FSH）诱导的上皮性卵巢癌ES-2细胞增殖和侵袭中的作用。方法：以Real-timePCR检测不同浓度FSH（0、10、20、40、80mlU／ml）处理后sATB1基因mRNA表达水平的变化。实验分4组：①siCon组,转染si-阴性对照（si-Negativecontrol）序列的实验组,对SATBl无干扰作用;②siSATB1组：转染特异性干扰下调SATB1的siSATB1序列;（3）FSH＋siCon组：以FSH处理的siCon组;（4）FSH＋siSATBl组：以FSH处理的sisATB1组。MTT法检测4组细胞的增殖情况,Westernblotting技术检测4组细胞细胞周期蛋白（CyclinDl）,基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP．2）的蛋白表达情况,Transwell侵袭实验检测4组细胞侵袭能力的变化。结果：1．FSH＋siCon组的细胞增殖能力明显高于siCon组的细胞增殖能力,FSH＋siCon组的CyclinD1蛋白相对表达量0．90＋0．08明显高于siCon组的0．37＋0．01（P均〈0．01）,提示FSH具有促进ES．2细胞增殖的作用。2．FSH＋siCon组的穿膜细胞数（30212）个明显高于siCon组（13919）个,FSH＋siCon组的MMP．2蛋白相对表达量0．40＋0．01明显高于siCon组的0．28＋0．02,提示FSH具有促进ES．2细胞侵袭能力的作用。3．随着FsH浓度的增高,SATBlmRNA的表达量逐渐增加,分别为1,1．66±0．04,1．79±0．21,2.31±0．03,以FsH浓度为80mlU／m1时最显著（P〈0．05）。4．FSH＋siSATBl组的细胞增殖能力明显低于FSH＋siCon组的细胞增殖能力,FSH＋siSATBl组的CyclinD1蛋白相对表达量0．22±0．02明显低于FSH＋siCon组的0．90±0．08（P均〈0．01）;FSH＋siSATB1组的穿膜细胞数（5216）个低于FSH＋siCon组的（30212）个,FSH＋siSATB1组的MMP-2蛋白相对表达量0．15±0．00明显低于FSH＋siCon组的0．40±0．01（P均〈0．01）,FSH促进ES-2细胞增殖和侵袭的能力由于SATB1基因表达的下降而被阻断。结论：SATBl是FSH作用的重要靶分子,介导FSH对上皮性卵巢癌ES-2细胞系增殖、侵袭活性的调控。     

siRNA binding proteins of microglial cells: PKR is an unanticipated ligand

Small interfering RNA (siRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) 21-23 nucleotides (nt) long with two nt 3' overhangs, has been shown to mediate powerful sequence-specific gene silence in mammalian cells through RNA interference (RNAi). Due to its high efficiency and high specificity siRNA has been used as a powerful post genomic tool and a potent therapeutic candidate. However, there is still a lot to learn about the mobility of siRNA inside cells and the cellular factors that might interfere with the specificity and activity of siRNA. Microglia are the brain's effector cells of the innate immune system and suitable targets in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we show the cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of siRNA in murine microglial N9 cells. siRNA was internalized by microglial N9 cells without transfection reagent and mainly localized to the endosomes However, no significant gene silencing effects were observed. Its cellular uptake and cellular distribution pattern were similar with that of a same length single stranded DNA (ssDNA). Further, cellular binding proteins of siRNA were purified and identified by mass spectrometry. Negative control siRNA and siRNA targeted to beta-actin were used in this part of experiment. Most of the siRNA binding proteins for negative control siRNA and siRNA targeted to beta-actin were dsRNA-binding proteins, such as dsRNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR). Furthermore, both control siRNA and siRNA targeted to beta-actin activated PKR in N9 cells, which suggest that siRNA might cause off-target effects through activation of PKR.     

Carrier subunit of plasma membrane transporter is required for oxidative folding of its helper subunit

We study the amino acid transport system b(0,+) as a model for folding, assembly, and early traffic of membrane protein complexes. System b(0,+) is made of two disulfide-linked membrane subunits: the carrier, b(0,+) amino acid transporter (b(0,+)AT), a polytopic protein, and the helper, related to b(0,+) amino acid transporter (rBAT), a type II glycoprotein. rBAT ectodomain mutants display folding/trafficking defects that lead to type I cystinuria. Here we show that, in the presence of b(0,+)AT, three disulfides were formed in the rBAT ectodomain. Disulfides Cys-242-Cys-273 and Cys-571-Cys-666 were essential for biogenesis. Cys-673-Cys-685 was dispensable, but the single mutants C673S, and C685S showed compromised stability and trafficking. Cys-242-Cys-273 likely was the first disulfide to form, and unpaired Cys-242 or Cys-273 disrupted oxidative folding. Strikingly, unassembled rBAT was found as an ensemble of different redox species, mainly monomeric. The ensemble did not change upon inhibition of rBAT degradation. Overall, these results indicated a b(0,+)AT-dependent oxidative folding of the rBAT ectodomain, with the initial and probably cotranslational formation of Cys-242-Cys-273, followed by the oxidation of Cys-571-Cys-666 and Cys-673-Cys-685, that was completed posttranslationally.     

Lectin functionalized nanocarriers for gene delivery

Gene therapy has emerged as one of the most promising therapeutic methods to treat various diseases. However, inadequate gene transfection efficacy during gene therapy demands further development of more efficient gene delivery strategies. Targeting genetic material to specific sites of action endows numerous advantages over non-targeted delivery. An ample variety of non-viral gene delivery vectors have been developed in recent years owing to the safety issues raised by viral vectors. Non-viral gene delivery vectors containing specific targeting ligands on their surfaces have been reported to enhance the gene transfection efficiency via receptor-mediated endocytosis for gene delivery. Among various targeting moieties investigated, carbohydrates and lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) played an essential role in gene delivery via either direct or reverse lectin targeting strategies. Lectins have a specific carbohydrate binding domain that can bind specifically to the carbohydrates. This review sheds light on various gene delivery nanovectors conjugated with either lectins or carbohydrates for enhanced gene transfection.     

一类新的基因沉默小RNA-piRNA（piwi-interacting RNA）

piRNA是单链非编码小分子RNA,长度约26-31nt,大部分集中在29-30nt,5’端具有尿嘧啶偏向性（约86％）,能够与Argonaute蛋白家族中的Piwi亚家族蛋白相互结合而产生作用。piRNA的功能主要是维持基因组中转座子的正常沉默状态,以防止基因组中转座子爆发而引起相应基因的改变。piRNA与siRNA及miRNA均是近些年发现的非编码小RNA,它们均可通过一套相应的机制进行RNA干扰,在转录、转录后甚至翻译水平对靶基因及蛋白进行调节,它们之间既有联系又有区别。piRNA数据库的建立将对这类小分子RNA的研究有很大的促进作用。