Algal flora of lakes in the High Tatra Mountains (Slovakia)

Eighty seven from a total of 120 lakes in the Slovak part of the High Tatra Mts. have been visited since 1982. Their summer phytoplankton and algae growing on stones were collected, identified and documented. Some species that are interesting, rare, or not previously known in Slovakia have been found: Clastidium setigerum, Colacium calvum, Chroococcus subnudus, Chr. quaternarius, Coelastrum printzii, Coenocystis quadriguloides, Oocystis naegelii, Scopulonema polonicum, Thelesphaera alpina, Trochiscia prescottii. The number of algal species, found in the open water of the lakes, decrease with altitude and increase with pH.     

Patterns and processes in a non-adaptive radiation: Alopia (Gastropoda,Clausiliidae) in the Bucegi Mountains

We studied the door-snail genus Alopia in the Southern Carpathians in Romania to better understand non-adaptive radiations and the processes that determine their course. Alopia in the Bucegi Mountains offers the opportunity to study all stages of a radiation within a few kilometres. The species (as defined by the differential fitness species concept) in the most advanced stage of the radiation differs from other species in the genitalia and co-occurs with other species. The least advanced stages are genetically differentiated clusters of populations that are geographically separated from other clusters but are not yet morphologically differentiated. Differentiation does not increase with a constant rate as shown by a lineage that was separated early in the evolution of the genus but fused with other taxa upon secondary contact. Since non-adaptive radiation cannot be accelerated by divergent natural selection beyond the slow pace of speciation that is possible by genetic drift alone, sexual selection plays a crucial role in non-adaptive radiations. This is supported by the differences in the genitalia found in the most advanced stage of the speciation which indicate that the speciation process was accelerated by a co-evolutionary arms race resulting in the elongation of spermatophore-producing and spermatophore-receiving organs. Another process that facilitates non-adaptive radiation is long-distance dispersal that results in geographically isolated populations that can differentiate without gene flow and that have a higher likelihood of speciation due to the founder event. Several taxa that were considered distinct species until now, but fuse upon contact should better be classified as subspecies of a polytypic species.     

A revision of the Appalachian millipede genus Brachoria Chamberlin, 1939 (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae: Apheloriini)

The apheloriine millipede genus Brachoria as presented here comprises 34 species distributed throughout the south‐eastern US Appalachian Mountains. Members of this genus are blind (like all millipedes in the order Polydesmida), large (4–6 cm in length), and display conspicuous aposematic coloration in yellow, red, orange, and violet. Many Brachoria species participate in Müllerian mimicry rings with co‐occurring Apheloriini, in particular with species in the genus Apheloria. Some areas contain five co‐mimic species of Apheloriini and a high local density totalling 43 individuals per 50 m². Since the first revision in 1959, workers have suggested that many more species were awaiting discovery in the Cumberland Mountains. Here I present a taxonomic revision and describe ten new species: Brachoria badbranchensis , Brachoria blackmountainensis , Brachoria campcreekensis , Brachoria cumberlandmountainensis , Brachoria flammipes , Brachoria grapevinensis , Brachoria guntermountainensis , Brachoria hendrixsoni , Brachoria sheari , and Brachoria virginia . Five of these new species occur in the Cumberland Mountain Thrust Block region and five occur elsewhere throughout the Appalachian Highlands in eastern Kentucky, north‐eastern Alabama, southern West Virginia, south‐western Virginia, and the Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee. A molecular phylogeny of Brachoria species is well supported at deeper divergences, corresponds closely with geography, and is used as a phylogenetic basis for the taxonomy presented here. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 159 , 817–889.     

贺兰山同域分布岩羊和马鹿发情季节的生境选择差异

2007年和2008年9—12月,在宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区和内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区利用痕迹检验法和直接观察法对同域分布的岩羊和马鹿发情季节生境选择进行研究。通过在选定的15条沟段里进行调查,分别测定了岩羊和马鹿的177个和154个样方的18种生态因子。结果表明,发情季节岩羊和马鹿在植被类型、地形特征、优势乔木、坡向、坡位、灌木密度、灌木高度、植被盖度、坡度、海拔高度、距水源距离、人为干扰距离、距裸岩距离和隐蔽级等生态因子选择上存在极显著差异(P0.01),乔木高度存在显著差异(P0.05),而其余生态因子无显著差异(P0.05),相对于马鹿选择的生境而言,岩羊发情季节更偏爱选择地势陡峭的山地疏林草原带,优势乔木以较高的灰榆为主,灌木密度低但高度较高,植被盖度较低,坡度较大的阳坡中上部,海拔较低,接近水源和裸岩,隐蔽程度低的生境。典则系数显示发情季节岩羊和马鹿的生境选择几乎完全分离,Wilk’sλ值也显示发情季节岩羊和马鹿的生境选择具有很高的差异性(Wilk’sλ=0.123,χ2=679.172,df=10,P0.001)。发情季节岩羊和马鹿的Fisher线性判别函数分别为:F岩羊=3.638×乔木高度+0.242×乔木距离+7.766×灌木高度+0.663×灌木距离+0.232×植被盖度+0.191×坡度+0.001×距水源距离+0.008×距裸岩距离+0.307×隐蔽级-31.078;F马鹿=4.850×乔木高度+0.321×乔木距离+12.024×灌木高度+0.929×灌木距离+0.192×植被盖度+0.482×坡度+0.002×距水源距离-0.001×人为干扰距离-0.003×距裸岩距离+0.511×隐蔽级-50.787。逐步判别分析表明在区分发情季节岩羊和马鹿生境方面有一系列生态因子发挥作用,依照贡献值的大小依次为坡度、人为干扰距离、隐蔽级、距裸岩距离、乔木高度、乔木距离、距水源距离、灌木高度、灌木距离和植被盖度,由这10个变量构成的方程对发情季节岩羊和马鹿生境的正确区分率达到99.7%。     

基于树轮火疤塔河蒙克山樟子松林火灾的频度分析

大兴安岭地区是我国重要林区,又是林火的多发区,林火是森林生态系统中的重要干扰因子,对整个森林生态系统结构、功能和动态都有重要影响。樟子松为欧洲赤松的一个变种,在我国主要分布于大兴安岭地区。近年来,频繁的森林火灾造成樟子松林大面积减少。因此,重建大兴安岭樟子松林火历史,掌握樟子松林火灾规律已显得十分迫切。在大兴安岭北部塔河县蒙克山林场采集了11棵樟子松火疤圆盘,利用树木年轮年代学方法重建了大兴安岭北部塔河县蒙克山樟子松林的火灾历史,获得1个以树轮年代学为基础的樟子松火疤年表。利用火历史分析软件得到蒙克山樟子松林火灾间隔期和轮回期分别为24.8a和33a。由火疤年表得到的蒙克山樟子松林火灾历史大致可分为3个历史时期:满清中期(1723-1859年)、清末民国时期(1860-1949年)和建国后(1950年至今)。41个火疤记录中早早材火(E)所占比例最大,占全部火疤数目的61%,晚材火(A)、未确定火(U)和休眠季节火(D)则相对较少。大区域性火灾事件平均间隔期为32.5a,最大火灾间隔期为61a。本研究为进一步探究大兴安岭地区寒温带针叶林火灾历史的时间和空间格局及其之间的联系提供了基础数据。     

山西中条山野生种子植物区系研究

中条山地处山西暖温带南部,水热条件良好,植物种类丰富,是山西植物多样性最丰富的区域,同时也是亚热带植物区系成分在山西分布最为集中的区域。据调查,中条山共有野生种子植物1287种,分别隶属于525属111科,其中裸子植物9种6属4科,被子植物1278种519属107科。其中国家一级保护植物1种,国家二级保护植物4种,山西省重点保护植物36种。种子植物科、属、种的区系成分复杂多样,特有现象不平衡。科的分布区类型中,世界分布40科,泛热带分布34科,没有中国特有科。属的分布区类型中,温带分布351属,中国特有属12属,反映出该区植物区系的温带性质。种的分布区类型中,中国特有分布最多,共504种,其次是温带亚洲分布和东亚分布,它们是构成中条山森林植被和灌丛植被的建群种和优势种的主要成分。     

黑龙江省完达山东部林区马鹿种群遗传多样性的微卫星分析

黑龙江省完达山东部林区是东北马鹿(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus)种群密度较高的分布区之一,本文对2年冬季采集的167份马鹿粪便进行了7个微卫星座位的个体识别,评价了马鹿种群遗传多样性,并分析近期马鹿数量的急剧下降对种群遗传结构的影响。结果表明:167份粪便DNA分属66只个体;种群平均等位基因数9.00±2.77;平均有效等位基因数3.97±0.99;平均多态信息含量0.69±0.09;平均期望杂合度0.74±0.08;平均观察杂合度0.69±0.08。整个种群显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,但种群固定系数Fis为0.060,没有显著偏离零。可见,完达山东部林区马鹿种群遗传多样性较高,数量的急剧下降近期还没有表现在种群遗传结构上。     

秦岭山区隆肛蛙胚后发育的初步观察

初步观察记录了秦岭山区隆肛蛙Feirana quadrana胚后发育过程.隆肛蛙蝌蚪的头长、体长、尾长和后肢长度随发育时间的增加而显著增长.将隆肛蛙的胚后发育过程划分为20期.其蝌蚪在发育中体色、荚膜(皮肤褶)、侧线以及唇齿式等结构都发生了相应的变化.唇齿式由以II∶ 5-5/II∶ 1-1型为主演变为以II∶ 6-6/II∶ 1-1、I∶ 6-6/II∶ 1-1和II∶ 5-5/II∶ 1-1型为主.     

落叶松毛虫对大兴安岭呼中林区森林的景观长期影响模拟

应用空间直观景观模型(LANDIS)模拟了落叶松毛虫对呼中林区森林景观的长期影响,利用统计软件APACK计算了落叶松毛虫、代表性树种的分布面积以及反映物种分布格局的聚集度指数和森林斑块的平均面积,模拟了300年(1990—2290年)内有无落叶松毛虫干扰预案下大兴安岭呼中林区森林景观的动态变化.结果表明:研究区落叶松毛虫的分布面积呈先增加后降低的趋势;在落叶松毛虫干扰预案下,落叶松在模拟前150年的分布面积、平均斑块面积均低于无干扰预案,聚集度指数在前190年低于无干扰预案;干扰预案下白桦的分布面积和平均斑块面积百分比均高于无干扰预案,聚集度指数只在模拟的80～190年高于无干扰预案;樟子松的分布面积、聚集度指数和平均斑块面积在干扰预案下略低于无干扰预案.落叶松毛虫在一定程度上导致森林景观的破碎化.