基于连通度指数的生态安全格局构建——以三峡库区重庆段为例

生态安全格局构建旨在识别研究区的重要生态区域并保持他们之间连通,被认为是实现区域协调发展的重要途径。生态阻力面的科学构建和修正一直是生态安全格局建立的技术难点。以三峡库区重庆段为例,通过生态重要性和敏感性综合识别源地,构建连通度指数修正阻力面,利用最小累积阻力模型提取生态廊道,从而构建三峡库区重庆段生态安全格局。结果表明:(1)研究区生态源地面积19227.04 km~2,占总面积41.65%,主要集中在东北部和中东部的林地。(2)相较于夜间灯光指数,连通度指数在景观破碎地区和人类活动强烈地区对阻力面修正更加明显,一定程度也可反映人类活动的影响。(3)研究区生态廊道总长度1610.48 km,包括天然廊道和阻力廊道;战略点30个,主要位于耕地、居民点和水域附近。(4)研究区生态连通性较好,但部分地区存在廊道缺失、战略点阻断的现象。     

Voter Integrity,Trust and the Promise of Digital Technologies: Biometric Voter Registration in Solomon Islands

Drawing on the anthropology of technology, this article examines the introduction of a digital biometric voter registration for Solomon Islands 2014 national election. Four perspectives on biometric voting are brought into dialogue: (1) the technological particularities, strengths and shortcomings of biometric voting registration (BVR), (2) a global and international embrace of the technology for its perceived ‘universal’ tendency to secure identities, (3) efforts by the Solomon Islands state to showcase its political stability by means of BVR and (4) the ways village-based voters come to understand, interpret and re-imagine BVR as political technology. We show how, within the ethnographic context of North Malaita, debates surrounding BVR reveal a continued distrust and uncertainty in North Malaitans’ relationship with the Solomon Islands state and its representatives. Within the context of this uncertainty BVR is re-imagined as technology that aids voter integrity within rather than beyond patronage networks.     

Pseudomonas petrae sp. nov. isolated from regolith samples in Antarctica

A polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to characterize the four strains P2653^T, P2652, P2498, and P2647, isolated from Antarctic regolith samples. Initial genotype screening performed by PCR fingerprinting based on repetitive sequences showed that the isolates studied formed a coherent cluster separated from the other Pseudomonas species. Identification results based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed the highest sequence similarity with Pseudomonas graminis (99.7%), which was confirmed by multilocus sequence analysis using the rpoB, rpoD, and gyrB genes. Genome sequence comparison of P2653^T with the most related P. graminis type strain DSM 11363^T revealed an average nucleotide identity of 92.1% and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 46.6%. The major fatty acids for all Antarctic strains were C_16:0, Summed Feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c) and Summed Feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c/C_18:1 ω6c). The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-9, and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol. The regolith strains could be differentiated from related species by the absence of arginine dihydrolase, ornithine and lysine decarboxylase and by negative tyrosine hydrolysis. The results of this polyphasic study allowed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of four analysed strains from the closest related species, which confirmed that the strains represent a novel species within the genus Pseudomonas, for which the name Pseudomonas petrae sp. nov. is proposed with P2653^T (CCM 8850^T = DSM 112068^T = LMG 30619^T) as the type strain.     

Recent advances in biological imaging

Recent innovations in microscopy and digital image processing have greatly enhanced the power of biological imaging. Basic principles of several new methods in light and electron microscopy will be discussed, and examples presented of their application to cell and molecular biology.     

Streptomyces poriferorum sp. nov., a novel marine sponge-derived Actinobacteria species expressing anti-MRSA activity

Marine sponges represent a rich source of uncharacterized microbial diversity, and many are host to microorganisms that produce biologically active specialized metabolites. Here, a polyphasic approach was used to characterize two Actinobacteria strains, P01-B04^T and P01-F02, that were isolated from the marine sponges Geodia barretti (Bowerbank, 1858) and Antho dichotoma (Esper, 1794), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains P01-B04^T and P01-F02 are closely related to Streptomyces beijiangensis DSM 41794^T, Streptomyces laculatispora NRRL B-24909^T, and Streptomyces brevispora NRRL B-24910^T. The two strains showed nearly identical 16S rRNA gene sequences (99.93%), and the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) relatedness values were 99.96% and 99.6%, respectively, suggesting that these strains are affiliated with the same species. Chemotaxonomic and culture characteristics of both strains were also consistent with the genus Streptomyces, while phenotypic properties, genome-based comparisons, and phylogenomic analyses distinguished strains P01-B04^T and P01-F02 from their closest phylogenetic relatives. In silico analysis predicted that the 8.9 Mb genome of P01-B04^T contains at least 41 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding secondary metabolites, indicating that this strain could express diverse bioactive metabolites; in support of this prediction, this strain expressed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria including a clinical isolate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) EAMC30. Based on these results, the marine sponge-associated isolates represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces poriferorum sp. nov. is proposed, with P01-B04^T (=DSM 111306^T = CCM 9048^T) as the type strain.     

The frequency dependence of an analytical model of an electrically stimulated biological structure

A digital computer simulation has been carried out of the exposure of a cell, modeled as a multilayered spherical structure, to an alternating electrical field. Electrical and electrochemical quantities of possible biological interest can be evaluated everywhere inside the cell. A strong frequency behavior in the range 0-10 MHz has been obtained.     

1990—2020年三峡库区植被覆盖转型及其驱动因素

探索山区植被覆盖转型，全面评估各驱动因素对其的影响，是理解全球气候变化和碳循环等生态系统过程的重要途径。三峡库区是长江流域生态环境的重要保护区，提供多种生态系统服务。基于植被覆盖(NDVI)数据提出山区植被覆盖转型理论，并运用地理探测器分析了潜在因素对1999—2020年三峡库区腹地植被覆盖的相对贡献。结果表明：(1)近30年三峡库区腹地植被覆盖整体呈良性发展趋势，增长率为0.006/a,空间特征为“东西低，南北高；中间低，四周高”;(2)不同时段植被覆盖的空间演化呈现“整体改善，局部退化”,空间转型总结为稳定型、波动型、退化型和恢复型4种模式，且以稳定型分布为主，时间上经历了减少、过渡和恢复3个阶段；(3)植被覆盖主要受土壤类型0.225>地貌0.200>土地利用程度0.181>海拔0.158>岩性0.152的驱动，人为和气候因素的作用较弱，表明自然因素是影响植被覆盖的主导因子。此外，双因子的交互作用在影响植被覆盖方面比每个因子单独作用更为重要。这些发现有利于更好的解析山区植被变化的复杂机制，为脆弱生态系统植被的管理和保护提供参考。     

A Study of Communication Delays for Web Transactions

A major bottleneck in using the web for accessing data and executing transactions for e-commerce is the performance. It can take 500–1400 ms to set up the connection and download a web page. Several hundred milliseconds are taken to transmit a multimedia web image. A simple web transaction may have a response time of 2–5 s. The consistency control mechanisms can double this time. A typical electronic trading transaction may take close to 2 min. I assert that the performance is unacceptable and the main cause is the communication system. The communication delays under a variety of scenarios and their causes and remedies are the focus of this study. Mechanisms have been developed for studying the performance of the web transaction processing on the Internet. Experimental studies have been conducted to analyze and understand the behavior of web based transactions and to measure the communication delays. The developed mechanisms have been used to perform a series of experiments around the world. Experiments were conducted to measure the communication delays for different steps which includes web page downloading, access to digital library data and transaction processing. This paper presents the experimental results for a variety of cases. It concludes by suggesting directions for decreasing the communication latency and improving the performance of web transactions.     

长期水陆周期性变化条件下香根草形态性状和生物量分配的可塑性

香根草是能够长期适应三峡水库消落带生境的少数物种之一。虽然国内对香根草的引种栽培和研究已有几十年的历史，但是对香根草在三峡库区消落带长期水陆周期性变化条件下的生态适应对策还知之甚少。为此，以2008年在三峡水库巫山段消落带建立的香根草引种栽培试验示范基地为研究平台，在2016年对海拔166—169 m、169—172 m和172—175 m区段的香根草的形态性状、生物量及其分配特征进行了研究。结果表明：(1)海拔166—169 m香根草的分蘖株数、平均株高、节间数量、节间长度、叶片数/分蘖株、叶片数/丛、叶片长等各指标值均低于海拔169—172 m和海拔172—175 m,海拔166—169 m与其它海拔区段的节间数量差异显著(P<0.05);(2)海拔166—169 m香根草的根系数量最少，但根系长度最长；(3)海拔166—169 m无节间的香根草株数最多，且与海拔172—175 m和海拔169—172 m差异显著(P<0.05);(4)不同海拔区段香根草的总生物量大小表现为海拔172—175 m>海拔169—172 m>海拔166—169 m,且海拔166—...     

Estimating Culicoides sonorensis biting midge abundance using digital image analysis

ImageJ is an open‐source software tool used for a variety of scientific objectives including cell counting, shape analysis and image correction. This technology has previously been used to estimate mosquito abundance in surveillance efforts. However, the utility of this application for estimating abundance or parity in the surveillance of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) has not yet been tested. Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth and Jones), a biting midge often measuring 2.0–2.5 mm in length, is an economically important vector of ruminant arboviruses in California. Current surveillance methods use visual sorting for the characteristics of midges and are very time‐intensive for large studies. This project tested the utility of ImageJ as a tool to assist in gross trap enumeration as well as in parity analysis of C. sonorensis in comparison with traditional visual methods of enumeration using a dissecting microscope. Results confirmed that automated counting of midges is a reliable means of approximating midge numbers under certain conditions. Further evaluation confirmed accurate and time‐efficient parity analysis in comparison with hand sorting. The ImageJ software shows promise as a tool that can assist and expedite C. sonorensis surveillance. Further, these methods may be useful in other insect surveillance activities.