PBL联合CBL教学方法在胃肠外科临床见习教学中的应用

目的:探讨PBL联合CBL教学模式在医学生胃肠外科见习教学中的应用效果.方法:选取50名2008级胃肠外科见习医学生作为研究对象,将其随机分成两组:实验组采用PBL联合CBL教学模式,对照组则仅采用传统LBL教学模式.通过出科考核及问卷调查两种方式评价胃肠外科见习教学效果.结果:显示PBL+ CBL组的考试成绩要明显优于LBL组,差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05),并且见习后的问卷调查结果提示学生对PBL+ CBL的教学模式满意度较高.结论:我们的研究结果表明PBL+ CBL双轨教学模式受到学生欢迎,在提高学生理论知识水平方面比LBL模式更为有效.     

五年制临床医学专业微生物“细菌学”教学实践与思考

医学微生物学属于基础医学教育的主干课程,是基础医学向临床医学课程过渡的桥梁课程。医学微生物学中关于细菌学的部分是整个微生物学的核心内容之一,包括细菌的生物学特性、致病性、免疫性、检测方法及防治原则等。传统的授课模式是在系统讲解这些基本知识的基础上,补充细菌学实验的基本技能及操作方法,不过从实际教学效果来看,传统的教学模式暴露出了一些弊端。我们根据医学微生物学知识内容的特点,结合其中细菌学研究的历史和规律,系统讨论了如何有效提升课堂教学质量,激发学生的学习兴趣和创新精神,重点培养学生发现问题、思考问题以及解决问题的能力。     

A scanning electron microscope study of Craspedella sp. from the branchial chamber of redclaw crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus,from Queensland,Australia

Epidermal topography was examined, including papillate ridges, grooves and ciliated sensory papillae of Craspedella sp. from the branchial chamber of redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, from Queensland, Australia. Rhandites were observed to discharge from ducts opening mainly in a small distal region of the ventral epidermis of the three central (of five) tentacles. These regions, devoid of ciliated sensory papillae, serve to adhere the anterior end of the worms during locomotion. Secretions from glands associated with the posterior attachment organ were observed to discharge from pores on the outside region of the ventral surface of the disc.A comparison of various scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fixation techniques showed that (1) hot fixatives at 90 °C provide most information on the largest number of epidermal structures and (2) different fixation regimes highlight different epidermal features.     

Production of gliotoxin during the pathogenic state in turkey poults byAspergillus fumigatus Fresenius

Turkey poults were given either of two different dosages of two different gliotoxin-producing strains ofAspergillus fumigatus. Infected lung tissue was examined postmortem for the presence of gliotoxin. Gliotoxin was found in lung tissue of ten poults infected with one strain and in seven of ten poults infected with the other strain. Concentrations of gliotoxin in the tissue exceeded 6 ppm in some of the infected tissues. The concentration of gliotoxin found in infected tissue did not appear to be correlated with the dosage of organism given. Considering the pathologic changes observed in turkey poults with aspergillosis and the production of gliotoxin during the pathogenic state in turkey poults, gliotoxin is considered likely to be involved in avian aspergillosis. Disclaimer: Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

Analysis of variations of handling-time inTrichogramma maidis

Variation in handling-time is studied in the association betweenTrichogramma maidis Pintureau & Vœgelé [Hym.: Trichogrammatidae] and one of its factitious hosts: the eggs of the Mediterranean flour mothEphestia kuehniella Zeller [Lep.: Pyralidae]. It is shown that the duration of egg laying behaviour decreases exponentially from the first host egg encountered onwards. This decreasing kinetic, which corresponds to a learning ability, shows a high variability between females, but a mother-daughter regression analysis fails to demonstrate any genetic transmissibility of this learning ability over 2 successive generations. Once the learning is over, there remains a residual variability which is, in part, under genetic control. The possible consequences of these results on the stability of host-parasite associations are discussed.      

Assessment of genetic variability for N2 fixation between and within provenances of Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia albida estimated by 15N labelling techniques

Nitrogen fixed in 13 provenances of Acacia albida and 11 isolines of Leucaena leucocephala inoculated with effective Rhizobium strains was measured by ¹⁵N techniques and the total N difference method. In the test soil, on the average, L. leucocephala derived about 65% of its total N from atmospheric N₂ fixation compared to about 20% by A. albida. Significant differences in the percentage of N derived from atmospheric N₂ (% Ndfa) occurred, between provenances or isolines within species. The % Ndfa ranged from 37 to 74% within L. leucocephala and from 6 to 37 within A. albida; (equivalent to 20–50 mg N plant^–1 and 4–37 mg N plant^–1 for the two species over three months, respectively) and was correlated with the nodule mass (r=0.91). The time course of N₂ fixation of three selected provenances (low, intermediate and good fixers) was followed at 12 weekly intervals over a 36 week period. The % Ndfa of all provenances and isolines increased with time; and except for one of the L. leucocephala provenances, % Ndfa was similar within species at the 36 weeks harvest. There was a significant correlation between % Ndfa and the amount of N₂ fixed (r=0.96). Significant interactions occurred between provenances and N treatments and often growth of uninoculated but N fertilized plants was less variable than for inoculated unfertilized plants.     

Confusing concepts in Lateglacial stratigraphy and geochronology: origin, consequences, conclusions (with special emphasis on the type locality Bøllingsø)

A great confusion currently exists on the stratigraphic and geochronologic subdivision of the Weichselian Lateglacial. This paper unravels the development of this confusion, which is interpreted to be mainly due to a combination of wrongly used stratigraphical concepts, incorrect interpretations, and erroneous correlation between various sites and records. Special emphasis is laid on the palynological methods of Johs. Iversen and on the type locality Bøllingsø, from which the original (partly previously unpublished) data are presented and evaluated. It is concluded that almost all stratigraphic schemes and terms have lost their original value.     

Recent demographic bottlenecks are not accompanied by a genetic signature in banner-tailed kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis)

Single-sample methods of bottleneck detection are now routine analyses in studies of wild populations and conservation genetics. Three common approaches to bottleneck detection are the heterozygosity excess, mode-shift, and M-ratio tests. Empirical groundtruthing of these methods is difficult, but their performances are critical for the accurate reconstruction of population demography. We use two banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) populations from southeastern Arizona (USA) that are known to have experienced recent demographic reductions to search for genetic bottleneck signals with eight microsatellite loci. Over eight total sample-years, neither population showed a genetic bottleneck signature. M-ratios in both populations were large, stable, and never fell below a critical significance value (Mc). The mode shift test did not detect any distortion of allele frequencies, and tests of heterozygosity excess were not significant in postbottleneck samples when we used standard microsatellite mutation models. The genetic effects of bottlenecks like those experienced by our study populations should be strongly influenced by rates of mutation and migration. We used genetic parentage data to estimate a relatively high mutation rate in D. spectabilis (0.0081 mutants/generation/locus), but mutation alone is unlikely to explain the temporal distribution of rare alleles that we observed. Migration (gene flow) is a more likely explanation, despite prior mark-recapture analysis that estimated very low rates of interpopulation dispersal. We interpret our kangaroo rat data in light of the broader literature and conclude that in natural populations connected by dispersal, demographic bottlenecks may prove difficult to detect using molecular genetic data.