“田中线”及其在生物地理上的运用问题

日本学者根据对柑桔种系的地理分布设想了一条从云南西北部(28°N,98°E)向东南部延伸到越南北部东京湾(大约18°45’N或19°N、108°E)的分界线,将其命名为"柑桔分布的田中线",简称"田中线"。后来它被认为在区分中国-日本植物分布属与中国-喜马拉雅分布属上具有生物地理意义,并与一些兰科植物属的分布相结合提出了"田中-楷永线",建议将它作为一条划分东亚植物区系东部的中国-日本植物亚区与西部的中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区的区系线。一些研究显示该线对一些物种的种群分化和谱系地理有意义,但主要是气候和地貌引起的环境梯度变化,不支持它是一条古老的生物地理分界线。另外,这条"柑桔分布的田中线"本身,未得到柑桔属内及其近缘属的系统发育关系研究的支持。云南植物区系的生物地理分异明显,但与"田中线"无显著联系,在云南植物区系分区上,"田中线"也基本无意义。云南复杂的地质历史、多样的气候和地貌,影响了植物区系的生物地理分异,用这条设想的从云南西北部向东南部延伸的斜直线作为一条生物地理界线,与最近的研究具有不相符性。     

渔场重心信度测算及渔场重心修正理论构建——以闽南-台湾浅滩渔场二长棘鲷为例

渔场重心是表征渔场位置的重要参数,准确掌握渔场重心,对判断鱼类洄游路线、确定中心渔场、表征鱼群分布特征和变化规律具有重要意义。渔场重心计算采用的是固定物体重心计算方法,然而运动的鱼类和固定物体有着本质的区别。因此,由固定物体重心计算的渔场重心能否体现鱼群分布特征,值得深入研究。渔场重心信度是用于度量由固定物体重心计算的渔场重心表征鱼群分布特征的能力,体现渔场重心的可信程度,而渔场重心修正是为了提升渔场重心表征鱼群分布特征的能力,提高渔场重心信度,以准确掌握渔场重心。以闽南-台湾浅滩渔场二长棘鲷(Parargrops edita Tanaka)为例,采用渔场重心、几何中心和单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch Per Unit Effort,CPUE)为参数,首次建立了渔场重心信度测算及渔场重心修正理论和方法,分析了渔场重心信度,研究了渔场重心修正方法和渔场重心的分布特征,旨在从更精细地水平上掌握二长棘鲷渔场重心,为生态智慧在渔业资源开发和管理的应用提供可靠的数据支持。结果表明:(1)二长棘鲷渔场重心信度各月变化在0.12—1.00,平均值0.67,均方差0.31,各月渔场重心可信度波动较大,12月份和2月份渔场重心信度最大为1.00,鱼群对称和均匀分布于渔场重心,渔场重心可信度最高,3—8月份渔场重心信度低于0.70,鱼群在渔场重心周围的对称性和均匀度差,渔场重心可信度差,其中3月份渔场重心信度最小为0.12;(2)渔场重心信度不仅反映了渔场重心可信程度,还体现了鱼群在渔场重心周围的分布特征,可作为研究鱼群分布特征的重要参数,渔场重心信度低于0.70,渔场重心需要修正;(3)渔区修正系数用于判别鱼群所在渔区是否排除,通过去除渔区修正系数小于0.5的鱼群,能保留85%以上的鱼群数量,提高渔场重心信度0.70以上;(4)修改后的渔场重心变化规律较显著,4—5月份,幼鱼群体重心向西迁移,6—7月份,索饵群体重心向东北方向移动,8月份,索饵群体重心开始往南迁移,9—11月份,越冬群体重心逐渐向南移动,12月份,生殖群体重心继续往南迁移,1—3月份生殖群体主要集中在305渔区(119°15'E,23°15'N)附近进行生殖活动,鱼群少有迁移。     

全国7省本地早橘基因组间相关性的AFLP分析

采用AFLP分子标记对全国７省的12份本地早橘资源进行遗传多样性分析。使用了28对选择性引物组合,共扩增出882个遗传位点,其中192条（21.8％）为多态性位点;以黄岩本地早橘为对照,各地的本地早橘的多态性位点数不多（3.5%～10.54%）,且来源于浙江省外的本地早橘样品的AFLP多态性位点数要多于浙江省内的,说明区域生态差异对遗传多样性有着一定的影响。对12个样品进行聚类分析结果表明,样品间的遗传距离最大为0.229,说明差异不大,引种后的变异率不高。这些结果有助于揭示其遗传变异与生态条件的关系,对柑橘品种的遗传改良提供参考意见。      

Novel Synthesis of Dienones and Enones from Propargyl Alcohols and Allyl Alcohols with 2,2-Dimethoxypropane: Synthesis of Ionone and Irone

A new synthetic procedure for dienone derivatives, i.e., ionone and irone, is described. The key step is the pyrolytic rearrangement of allyl alcohols and 2,2-dimethoxypropane in the presence of an acid anhydride and phosphoric acid.     

Neogene and Quaternary climate changes shaped the lineage differentiation and demographic history of Fokienia hodginsii (Cupressaceae s.l.), a Tertiary relict in East Asia

Historical climate oscillations and tectonic events have influenced the speciation and evolutionary history of many organisms. In this study, we chose Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A. Henry & H. H. Thomas (Cupressaceae s.l.), a Tertiary relict conifer, for the inference of the demographic history since the Neogene. Five chloroplast regions and two single-copy nuclear genes were amplified and sequenced in 497 individuals from 28 populations. The chloroplast data showed that F. hodginsii presented a high level of genetic diversity (H _T  = 0.860 ± 0.0279) and significant phylogeographic structure (N _ST  > G _ST , P < 0.05). According tobeast analysis, the divergence time of the two major lineages indicated by the phylogenetic construction produced from chloroplast and nuclear data could be dated to the early Miocene (ca. 19.34–19.95 Ma), which coincided with the onset and intensification of the Asian monsoon. During this time, environmental adaption under the different climatic conditions on either side of the Tanaka Line could have played important roles in maintaining and/or reinforcing the divergence of the two major lineages. The ecological niche modeling results showed that F. hodginsii experienced habitat fragmentation and strengthening of genetic barriers during the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by local expansion during postglacial periods. Our findings show that paleoclimate changes since the Neogene might have triggered the extinction of all but one Fokienia species and its intraspecific lineage differentiation. This study also suggests that Tertiary relicts in subtropical and tropical areas might have had a complex evolutionary history and their intraspecific differentiation time might have been earlier than expected.     

The Tanaka Line shaped the phylogeographic pattern of the cotton tree (Bombax ceiba) in southwest China

The Tanaka Line is considered to be an important phytogeographic boundary in southwest China, especially in Yunnan province. This Line has been deemed to separate East Asia's Sino-Himalayan and Sino-Japanese floras. However, it is not clear whether there is a special phylogeographic pattern for plants occurring across the Tanaka Line. To better understand the role of the Tanaka Line in shaping genetic structure of plant species occurring either side of this line, we employed Bombax ceiba, an economically and ecologically important tree species with a distribution across the Tanaka Line, as a proxy to study whether or not the Tanaka Line acts as a boundary to gene flow. We scanned and analyzed genetic variation at three chloroplast DNA fragments (psbB-psbF, trnL-rpl32 and psbI-psbK) within and among 17 natural populations (201 individuals). We identified eight chloroplast haplotypes (A-H) in total. Geographically, seven haplotypes were found southwest of the Tanaka Line, but only two haplotypes (B and H) were located northeast of the Tanaka Line. Meanwhile, both mismatch distribution analysis and environmental niche modeling (ENM) analysis suggested that multiple glacial refugia were maintained in the southwest range of B. ceiba during the last glacial maximum and that northeastern populations underwent strenuous retreatment during the Quaternary climatic oscillations. The present study highlights the importance of historical climate change and topographical circumstances in shaping population structure across the Tanaka Line.     

Polyfluorochrome marking slows growth only during the marking month in the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

Abstract. Used singly, the fluorochrome tags tetracycline and calcein have yielded important insights into sea urchin biology, especially regarding growth. We present a new method of tagging using sequential fluorochrome markers, as well as a more precise method of quantifying growth. Such polyfluorochromes enable repeated markings that allow measurement of multiple growth points and unique identification of individuals or groups. We marked sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis , with four fluorochromes: alizarin complexone, calcein, calcein blue, and tetracycline. All fluorochromes marked both by injection and immersion. We examined the clarity of the mark produced with low, metabolically scaled doses, and higher doses similar to those that have been previously used. We tested the effect of fluorochromes on survival, growth, jaw size, and gonad size by marking a size range (3.9–44.3 mm in diameter) of urchins with either one or all four fluorochromes. We quantified growth using a nominal diameter, that is a fitted constant, times the cube root of weight, which increased the precision of measurements by a factor of six relative to measured diameter. Growth rate was a decreasing function of diameter except for a growth lag in the smallest urchins. Growth rate data for all sizes were fitted using: gamma distributions; Tanaka functions; and, for larger sizes, straight lines (von Bertalanffy model). All treatments produced clear marks, with higher doses producing more reliably clear marks. Tetracycline marking did not affect growth; other treatments produced only transient slowing of growth in the marking month. Growth rate, survival, gonad production, and jaw weight did not differ between control and treatments during the following 6 months. Thus, polyfluorochromes produce reliable marks that do not significantly affect growth or gonad production.