Translation And Cultural Adaptation Of A Mental Health Outcome Measure: The Basis-R©

Culturally and linguistically appropriate outcome measures are needed to address the needs of Latino consumers of mental health services. The revised Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-R(c)) is an English-language consumer self-report measure designed to assess outcome of behavioral health or substance abuse treatment. This study sought to develop a culturally and linguistically appropriate version of the BASIS-R(c) for Spanish-speaking Latinos. To achieve this goal, the English instrument was translated and adapted into Spanish by an international bilingual committee and tested in four focus groups and 45 cognitive interviews with Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Mexicans living in the United States and Puerto Rico. Focus groups and cognitive interviews provided qualitative and quantitative information about the instrument's content and format, and respondents' understanding of the instructions, questionnaire items, time frame, and response options. Respondents' ratings of the clarity and importance of each item were also obtained. Analyses of focus group and cognitive interview data identified items that were confusing or difficult for participants. Findings suggest that the Spanish version of the BASIS-R(c) incorporated the cultural diversity of the three groups of Latinos in this study without compromising the validity of the English version of the BASIS.     

替硝唑合剂对牙体牙髓病的临床疗效和安全性研究

目的:探讨替硝唑合剂(以替硝唑为主药,辅以地塞米松、头孢噻啶)对牙体牙髓病的治疗效果和安全性。方法:随机选取我院2013-2015年收治的90例牙体牙髓病患者并将其随机均分为观察组和对照组。观察组患者用替硝唑合剂联合甲醛甲酚暂封一周并于一周后进行永久填充治疗,对照组患者用甲醛甲酚暂封一周并于一周后进行永久填充治疗。两组患者治疗周期均为1周。对比两组患者的临床总有效率、临床症状改善情况、6个月内的复发情况及不良反应的发生情况。结果:暂封一周后,观察组患者的总体有效率(97.8%)显著高于对照组患者(82.4%)(P0.05)。观察组6个月内的病症复发率为2.2%,而对照组患者的复发率为13.3%,显著高于观察组(P0.05),而观察组患者不良反应发生率(13.3%)显著低于对照组(77.8%)(P0.05)。结论:替硝唑合剂治疗牙体牙髓病具有较好的疗效和安全性,且能有效控制病情复发。     

A Study on some Symptoms of the Declining and Mortal Pinus massoniana Lamb. Forest on Nanshan Mountain in Chongqing

In 1982, some trees in a 1800 ha forest of masson pine on Nanshan Mountain. Chongqing,were found to be dying, since then, half of the trees have died off and the whole forest isin danger. On damaged trees, the needle became spotted blotch, dieback and even yellow at all, its internal tissue had been destroyed and early defoliated; the root system was undeveloped,and had few rootlets; the branch decreased and died; the growth of stem in height and diameter were weakened. It is showed that the plant has been growing unhealthily. It was alsoknown by the stem analysis that shows the phenomenon of growth weakening since 1967. The result of preliminary study suggests that the declining and dying of masson pineforest in Nanshan Mountain maybe related to environmental pollution.     

Mapping soil organic matter in low-relief areas based on land surface diurnal temperature difference and a vegetation index

Accurate estimates of the spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM) are necessary to properly evaluate soil fertility and soil carbon sequestration potential. In plains and gently undulating terrains, soil spatial variability is not closely related to relief, and thus digital soil mapping (DSM) methods based on soil–landscape relationships often fail in these areas. Therefore, different predictors are needed for DSM in the plains. Time-series remotely sensed data, including thermal imagery and vegetation indices provide possibilities for mapping SOM in such areas. Two low-relief agricultural areas (Peixian County, 28 km × 28 km and Jiangyan County, 38 km × 50 km) in northwest and middle Jiangsu Province, east China, were chosen as case study areas. Land surface diurnal temperature difference (DTD) extracted from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST), and soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) at the peak of growing season calculated from Landsat ETM+ image were used as predictors. Regression kriging (RK) with a mixed linear model fitted by residual maximum likelihood (REML) and residuals interpolated by simple kriging (SK) were used to model and map SOM spatial distribution; ordinary kriging (OK) was used as a baseline comparison. The root mean squared error, mean error and mean absolute error calculated from leave-one-out cross-validation were used to assess prediction accuracy. Results showed that the proposed covariates provided added value to the observations. SAVI aggregated to MODIS resolution was able to identify local highs and lows not apparent from the DTD imagery alone. Despite the apparent similarity of the two areas, the spatial structure of residuals from the linear mixed models were quite different; ranges on the order of 3 km in Jiangyan but 16 km in Peixian, and accuracy of best models differed by a factor of two (3.3 g/kg and 6.3 g/kg SOM, respectively). This suggests that time-series remotely sensed data can provide useful auxiliary variable for mapping SOM in low-relief agricultural areas, with three important cautions: (1) image dates must be carefully chosen; (2) vegetation indices should supplement diurnal temperature differences, (3) model structure must be calibrated for each area.     

Rawlsian Justice and Palliative Care

Palliative care serves both as an integrated part of treatment and as a last effort to care for those we cannot cure. The extent to which palliative care should be provided and our reasons for doing so have been curiously overlooked in the debate about distributive justice in health and healthcare. We argue that one prominent approach, the Rawlsian approach developed by Norman Daniels, is unable to provide such reasons and such care. This is because of a central feature in Daniels' account, namely that care should be provided to restore people's opportunities. Daniels' view is both unable to provide pain relief to those who need it as a supplement to treatment and, without justice‐based reasons to provide palliative care to those whose opportunities cannot be restored. We conclude that this makes Daniels' framework much less attractive.     

Colonization patterns of the red turpentine beetle,Dendroctonus valans （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）, in the Luliang Mountains,China

The alien red turpentine beetle （RTB）, Dendroctonus valens LeConte, is one of the most economically destructive forest pests in China, having killed more than 6 million pines in recent years. There is a need to understand the basic biology and ecology of the beetle in order to develop an effective monitoring and management strategy. In this study, the effects of hillside exposure （south- and north-facing）, host-tree locations according to relief （valley, mid-slope, and ridge-top） and tree diameters on RTB colonization were investigated in one valley （3 sites）. The results showed that （i） RTB clearly preferred colonizing pines growing on south-facing hillsides, especially in the valley; （ii） RTB preferred to colonize the pines growing at the valley rather than pines growing at mid-slope or on ridge-top; （iii） RTB preferred to colonize trees with large diameter over small and medium-sized pines; （iv） the attack density of RTBs （measured by pitch tubes/pine） was obviously higher on larger trees standing in the valley than other trees standing at other places. We conclude from RTB colonization patterns, that RTB prefers to attack large trees in the valley, which may be useful in developing a pest-management strategy.     

Colonization patterns of the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the Luliang Mountains, China

The alien red turpentine beetle (RTB), Dendroctonus valens LeConte, is one of the most economically destructive forest pests in China, having killed more than 6 million pines in recent years. There is a need to understand the basic biology and ecology of the beetle in order to develop an effective monitoring and management strategy. In this study, the effects of hillside exposure (south- and north-facing), host-tree locations according to relief (valley, mid-slope, and ridge-top) and tree diameters on RTB colonization were investigated in one valley (3 sites). The results showed that (i) RTB clearly preferred colonizing pines growing on south-facing hillsides, especially in the valley; (ii) RTB preferred to colonize the pines growing at the valley rather than pines growing at mid-slope or on ridge-top; (iii) RTB preferred to colonize trees with large diameter over small and medium-sized pines; (iv) the attack density of RTBs (measured by pitch tubes/pine) was obviously higher on larger trees standing in the valley than other trees standing at other places. We conclude from RTB colonization patterns, that RTB prefers to attack large trees in the valley, which may be useful in developing a pest-management strategy.     

黄孢原毛平革菌抗营养阻遏产漆酶同工酶动态分析

以选育的抗营养阻遏产木质素降解酶黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）pcR5305、pcR5324为实验对象,研究了其在富氮条件下动态产漆酶同工酶的规律及其可能的营养调控机制。两菌株可在初始氨氮质量浓度达2.2 g/L的富氮环境下产漆酶,启动漆酶合成及达到产酶峰值对应的葡萄糖、氨氮浓度阀值远高于野生型,基质C/N的降低是漆酶合成启动及达到高峰的前提,其中碳浓度的降低更为重要。两菌株在不同时间可产生1～3种漆酶同工酶（分别为Lac1、Lac2和Lac3）,其中Lac3产酶伴随菌体整个生长过程,其合成启动与积累无需受基质碳氮饥饿及C/N的限制;Lac2在pcR5305初生代谢阶段产生,但只能在pcR5324次生代谢阶段产生;Lac1仅在pcR5305的初生代谢或次生代谢阶段产生,基质C/N降至5.0～7.0时诱导产生 Lac1的合成,并随培养时间的增加产酶量逐渐提高。显然3种同工酶的合成具有不同的调控机制。     

基于生态系统服务簇的福州市生态系统服务格局

基于InVEST模型、游憩机会谱、因子分析、冷热点分析、SOFM神经网络和地形起伏度等方法,评估福州市6项生态系统服务,分析不同生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同,并阐明区域的主导服务类型和不同地形起伏度下服务簇的空间格局。结果表明: 福州市各项生态系统服务的空间异质性显著,产水、碳固持、生境质量和游憩机会供给总体较高,农产品供给和水土保持相对较弱且高低值差异明显;产水服务与文化服务存在协同关系,调节服务、支持服务与农产品供给服务之间存在权衡关系,权衡与协同高低值呈明显的空间聚集;生态系统服务簇分为郊区游憩簇、水源涵养簇、农产品供给簇、城镇生活簇和森林生态保育簇,不同地形起伏度下的服务簇组成各不相同,具有明显的空间异质性。