维生素E 对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的治疗作用及其可能机制

目的:探讨维生素E(VitE)对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的治疗作用及其可能机制。方法:将30只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为健康对照组、单纯致痫组(SE组)、VitE[按体重100mg/(kg.d)]干预组(VitE组)。采用Morris水迷宫实验方法检测致癫后大鼠学习记忆功能变化,同时检测脑组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)的水平。结果:(1)SE组大鼠寻找平台的潜伏期明显长于对照组,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),VitE组寻找平台的潜伏期相对于SE组显著缩短(P<0.05)。撤离平台后,SE组大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05),VitE治疗后大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间较SE组显著延长(P<0.05)。(2)SE组SOD、GSH-PX、GSH显著下降,MDA明显增高,VitE干预组SOD、GSH-PX、GSH显著增高,而MDA明显下降,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:VitE可改善癫痫持续状态后大鼠认知功能,其可能机制是通过减轻海马区的氧化应激反应减轻海马区的损伤,从而实现改善认知功能。     

姜黄素对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的预防作用及其可能机制

目的:探讨姜黄素(curcumin)对癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍的预防作用及其可能机制。方法:将30只成年雄性SD大鼠分为正常对照组、单纯致痫组(SE组)、姜黄素[60mg/(kg.d)]干预组(curcumin组)。采用Morris水迷宫方法检测大鼠学习记忆功能变化,并检测脑片水平的长时程增强(LTP)变化,处死大鼠后取脑组织并匀浆,测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)的水平。结果:(1)SE组大鼠寻找平台的潜伏期明显长于对照组,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),姜黄素组寻找平台的潜伏期相对于SE组显著缩短(P<0.05)。撤离平台后,SE组大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05),姜黄素治疗后大鼠在平台所在象限的停留时间较SE组显著延长(P<0.05)。(2)给予HFS刺激后各组兴奋性突出后电位(fEPSP)斜率较前明显增加,均可持续1h以上,与对照组比较SE组HFS刺激后fEPSP斜率明显减小(P<0.05),姜黄素可减轻SE所致的fEPSP斜率减小(P<0.05)。(3)SE组SOD、GSH-PX、GSH显著下降,MDA明显增高,姜黄素可逆转上述现象,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:姜黄素可显著减轻癫痫持续状态所致的大鼠认知功能障碍,减轻海马区的氧化应激反应从而保护海马海马是其可能机制之一。     

Confidence in ecological indicators: A framework for quantifying uncertainty components from monitoring data

The value of an ecological indicator is no better than the uncertainty associated with its estimate. Nevertheless, indicator uncertainty is seldom estimated, even though legislative frameworks such as the European Water Framework Directive stress that the confidence of an assessment should be quantified. We introduce a general framework for quantifying uncertainties associated with indicators employed to assess ecological status in waterbodies. The framework is illustrated with two examples: eelgrass shoot density and chlorophyll a in coastal ecosystems. Aquatic monitoring data vary over time and space; variations that can only partially be described using fixed parameters, and remaining variations are deemed random. These spatial and temporal variations can be partitioned into uncertainty components operating at different scales. Furthermore, different methods of sampling and analysis as well as people involved in the monitoring introduce additional uncertainty. We have outlined 18 different sources of variation that affect monitoring data to a varying degree and are relevant to consider when quantifying the uncertainty of an indicator calculated from monitoring data. However, in most cases it is not possible to estimate all relevant sources of uncertainty from monitoring data from a single ecosystem, and those uncertainty components that can be quantified will not be well determined due to the lack of replication at different levels of the random variations (e.g. number of stations, number of years, and number of people). For example, spatial variations cannot be determined from datasets with just one station. Therefore, we recommend that random variations are estimated from a larger dataset, by pooling observations from multiple ecosystems with similar characteristics. We also recommend accounting for predictable patterns in time and space using parametric approaches in order to reduce the magnitude of the unpredictable random components and reduce potential bias introduced by heterogeneous monitoring across time. We propose to use robust parameter estimates for both fixed and random variations, determined from a large pooled dataset and assumed common across the range of ecosystems, and estimate a limited subset of parameters from ecosystem-specific data. Partitioning the random variation onto multiple uncertainty components is important to obtain correct estimates of the ecological indicator variance, and the magnitude of the different components provide useful information for improving methods applied and design of monitoring programs. The proposed framework allows comparing different indicators based on their precision relative to the cost of monitoring.     

中国麋鹿种群现状调查

麋鹿是野外绝灭物种 ,其野生种群早已从自然界消失。因此建立和发展圈养种群是麋鹿重引进项目第一阶段的主要任务 ,也是整个麋鹿保护行动的关键环节。自从 1 985年中国进行第一个麋鹿重引进项目以来 ,圈养种群的数量增加很快。到 2 0 0 1年全国麋鹿的总数量已达 1 2 0 0多头 ,其中绝大多数生活在圈养和半野生的条件下。本篇报告概述了我国麋鹿圈养种群发展的历史和现状 ,分析了一些小圈养种群在发展中产生的问题和原因 ,并提出了解决的建议。     

鄱阳湖渔业资源现状及其环境监测

1997－1999年对鄱阳湖区渔业资源与环境进行了动态监测,统计渔获物2778kg,生物学测定1627尾,采集到鱼类122种,隶属于12目21科77属,其中鲤科鱼类种类最多,计65种,占53．3％,湖区渔获物个体偏小,以1－2龄鱼为主,鲤、鲫基本上是当年鱼,鄱阳湖现有鲤,鲫产卵场33处,主要分布在湖区东,南,西部,年均有效产卵面积616．66km^2,年均产卵量56．85亿,鄱阳湖区湖口,蛤蟆石,星子,康山水域湖水的pH,COD,Cr^ 6,Cd,Zn,Cu,Pb,总磷,氨氮,总汞均未超过渔业水质标准,鄱阳湖区水质良好。     

Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Spatial Memory Deficits in Status Epilepticus Rats

Status epilepticus (SE) is associated with a significant risk of cognitive impairment, and the increase of nitric oxide (NO) releasing has been reported during SE. We investigated the effects of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG), on spatial performance of rats in the Morris water maze. Treatment with 7-NI, but not with AG, improved the performance of rats after SE not only in acquisition of the task but also in probe test. Furthermore, the level of SE-induced malondialdehyde (MDA), end product of lipid peroxidation, was significantly decreased only in animals receiving 7-NI injection. Taken together, the results of the present study provided evidence that the NO pathway contributed to oxidative stress after SE, and nNOS/NO pathway may underlie one of the potential mechanisms contributing to SE-induced spatial memory deficits.     

转基因动物研究及其产业化

转基因动物研究始于20世纪70年代,至今已在牛、羊、猪、鱼、猴和兔等动物身上取得转基因成功,并广泛用于生产药用蛋白、器官移植和抗病育种等领域,成为当今生命科学中最热门、发展最快的新兴产业。在论述转基因动物发展有利方面的同时,指出了其发展中面临的问题和今后研究的方向及发展前景。     

Hierarchy and social status in Budongo chimpanzees

The status hierarchy is fundamental in the lives of male chimpanzees. This study describes the dominance interactions and social status among adult male chimpanzees of the Sonso community in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda, during the period that they were first studied (1994 and 1995). Social dominance is typically measured using the behaviour of either the subordinate or the dominant individual, but a relationship is dependent on the behaviour of both parties and this study explicitly used both subordinate and dominant behaviours to investigate the status hierarchy. Among adult males of the Sonso community, agonistic interactions occurred at a low rate and pant-grunts were rare, but males could be ranked into separate hierarchies of agonistic dominance and pant-grunting (labelled respect) using ratios of behaviour performed/behaviour received. These hierarchies were combined to form a single hierarchy of social status that divided the males among five distinct status levels. The highest status level was held by an alliance between two males who replaced the previous alpha male during the first part of the study. Neither male in this alliance partnership pant-grunted to the other, although the reason for cooperative behaviour was unclear. Although the nominally beta male was treated as such by other adult males, he achieved surprisingly little mating success. Budongo Forest chimpanzees do not warrant the sometimes-expressed view that they are non-aggressive and peaceable and the broad pattern of their status interactions matches with that seen in other chimpanzee populations.