薇甘菊根际可培养固氮菌和氨化细菌的分离鉴定与促生作用

【目的】固氮菌和氨化细菌是氮循环产生生物有效氮的关键起始环节,直接影响了外来入侵植物的生长速度和扩散进程。然而,关于典型入侵植物薇甘菊根际可培养固氮菌和氨化细菌的研究尚未见报道,这在很大程度上制约了我们对薇甘菊根际高效的氮素转化机制的深刻理解。【方法】采用传统平板涂布培养法对野外采集的薇甘菊根际土壤中的可培养固氮菌和氨化细菌进行了分离鉴定,并进行了接种验证实验。【结果】结果表明,入侵植物薇甘菊根际土壤中的固氮菌和氨化细菌的菌群密度显著高于两个本地伴生植物(火炭母和鸡屎藤),其固氮效率及有机氮矿化效率也优于2个本地种;系统发育分析表明：薇甘菊根际的固氮菌菌株归类于5个属,分别为伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、植物杆菌属(Phytobacter)、新肠杆菌属(Kosakonia)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobium);氨化细菌归类于7个属,分别为沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、博德特氏菌属(Bordetella)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、苍...     

新疆两盐湖可培养极端嗜盐菌组成及功能多样性研究

【目的】通过分析不同成盐类型盐湖中的极端嗜盐菌群落组成差异,探究可培养极端嗜盐菌的功能特性。【方法】采集新疆硫酸盐型盐湖七角井和碳酸盐型盐湖南湖的土壤样品,通过平板稀释涂布法分离极端嗜盐菌,经过形态学观察、特征分析获取代表菌株,通过耐盐性测定和16S rRNA基因序列测序等对代表菌株进行鉴定,并对极端嗜盐菌的蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和酯酶活性进行筛选,同时检测苯酚降解能力。【结果】本研究共获得1 679株极端嗜盐菌,代表菌株45株,隶属于5门14个属,古菌数量(70.58%)明显多于细菌,最优盐浓度生长范围为18.4%–20.0%。在属水平上,盐湖中优势类群为古菌的Haloterrigena属(32.94%)和Natrialba属(26.03%),以及细菌的Aquisalimonas属(9.85%)和Aliifodinibius属(8.10%)。两盐湖中,盐度较低的南湖物种丰富度高于七角井盐湖,古菌物种组成相似,均以Haloterrigena属为主;细菌群落组成有差异,南湖以Aquisalimonas属为主,而七角井以Aliifodinibius属为主。功能筛选表明,盐湖中80%的嗜盐...     

Global plant-responding mechanisms to salt stress: physiological and molecular levels and implications in biotechnology

The increasing seriousness of salinization aggravates the food, population and environmental issues. Ameliorating the salt-resistance of plants especially the crops is the most effective measure to solve the worldwide problem. The salinity can cause damage to plants mainly from two aspects: hyperosmotic and hyperionic stresses leading to the restrain of growth and photosynthesis. To the adverse effects, the plants derive corresponding strategies including: ion regulation and compartmentalization, biosynthesis of compatible solutes, induction of antioxidant enzymes and plant hormones. With the development of molecular biology, our understanding of the molecular and physiology knowledge is becoming clearness. The complex signal transduction underlying the salt resistance is being illuminated brighter and clearer. The SOS pathway is the central of the cell signaling in salt stress. The accumulation of the compatible solutes and the activation of the antioxidant system are the effective measures for plants to enhance the salt resistance. How to make full use of our understanding to improve the output of crops is a huge challenge for us, yet the application of the genetic engineering makes this possible. In this review, we will discuss the influence of the salt stress and the response of the plants in detail expecting to provide a particular account for the plant resistance in molecular, physiological and transgenic fields.     

环境DNA技术在地下生态学中的应用

地下生态过程是生态系统结构、功能和过程研究中最不确定的因素。由于技术和方法的限制,作为"黑箱"的地下生态系统已经成为限制生态学发展的瓶颈,也是未来生态学发展的主要方向。环境DNA技术,是指从土壤等环境样品中直接提取DNA片段,然后通过DNA测序技术来定性或定量化目标生物,以确定目标生物在生态系统中的分布及功能特征。环境DNA技术已成功用于地下生态过程的研究。目前,环境DNA技术在土壤微生物多样性及其功能方面的研究相对成熟,克服了土壤微生物研究中不能培养的问题,可以有效地分析土壤微生物的群落组成、多样性及空间分布,尤其是宏基因组学技术的发展,使得微生物生态功能方面的研究成为可能;而且,环境DNA技术已经在土壤动物生态学的研究中得到了初步应用,可快速分析土壤动物的多样性及其分布特征,更有效地鉴定出未知的或稀少的物种,鉴定土壤动物类群的幅度较宽;部分研究者通过提取分析土壤中DNA片段信息对生态系统植物多样性及植物分类进行了研究,其结果比传统的植物分类及物种多样性测定更精确,改变了以往对植物群落物种多样性模式的理解。同时,环境DNA技术克服传统根系研究方法中需要洗根、分根、只能测定单物种根系的局限,降低根系研究中细根区分的误差,并探索性地用于细根生物量的研究。主要综述了基于环境DNA技术的分子生物学方法在土壤微生物多样性及功能、土壤动物多样性、地下植物多样性及根系生态等地下生态过程研究中的应用进展。环境DNA技术对于以土壤微生物、土壤动物及地下植物根系为主体的地下生态学过程的研究具有革命性意义,并展现出良好的应用前景。可以预期,分子生物学技术与传统的生态学研究相结合将成为未来地下生态学研究的一个发展趋势。     

Characterisation of Rubus niveus: a prerequisite to its biological control in oceanic islands

This study is intended to inform the search for a biocontrol solution to stem the spread of Rubus niveus, a morphologically-diverse and invasive Rubus species which has become an aggressive invader in areas of the world outside its native range. The fragile biodiversity of islands can be especially threatened by this plant – exemplars of this are the Galápagos archipelago and Hawaii. This report focuses on the morphological and molecular work carried out to establish the homogeneity or intra-specific variation of R. niveus populations within the Galápagos Islands, as well as their kinship with plants of the same name found in Asia. The premise of this study is that genetic closeness between these populations offers increased probability that pathogens of R. niveus in its native range will also provide effective control in the target environment. Increased knowledge of the genetic make-up of R. niveus in both its native and naturalised locations will also help to assess the feasibility of using organisms which have been found to be effective against other Rubus species, but not hitherto considered for R. niveus itself.     

Removal of water-borne microorganisms in floating media filter-microfiltration system for water treatment

Floating plastic media pre-filter (PP) in combination with microfiltration membrane (MF) was applied to the removal of water-borne microorganism from surface water. The system was operated with and without coagulant addition. Jar-test results suggested that alum and polyaluminum chloride could effectively remove turbidity, fecal coliforms (FC) and algae at their optimum doses. Nevertheless, none of those coagulants could accomplish high coliphage (CP) removal. Microorganism removal in the system was increasing along with time in the PP unit operated at 5-m³/m²/h filtration rate but opposite trend was observed at higher filtration rates (10-15 m³/m²/h). Different coagulant types and filtration rates employed in the PP unit also affected microorganism removal in MF unit. The operation of PP unit at a filtration rate of 15 m³/m²/h and MF unit at a filtration rate of 0.6 m³/m²/d could achieve satisfactory turbidity and overall microorganism removal.     

The impact of different operating conditions on membrane fouling and EPS production

The main goal of this research was to investigate how different factors influence membrane fouling. The impact of the different concentrations of activated sludge and the amount of extracellular polymer substances (EPS) were monitored. Two pilot plants with submerged membrane modules (hollow fiber and flat sheet) were operated and the raw wastewater was used.Humic substances were identified as the major components of EPS in the activated sludge (more than 34%) in both pilot plants. As the basic constituent in permeate, humic substances were identified as the most dominant components in the effluent (61%) in both pilot plants. Conversely, proteins were mostly analyzed in permeate and supernatant below the detection limit. The total amount of EPS [mg g⁻¹ (VSS)] was similar for concentrations of activated sludge 6, 10 and 14 g L⁻¹. Carbohydrates were identified as the component of EPS which tends most to clog membranes.     

Impact of indigenous microorganisms on Escherichia coli O157:H7 growth in cured compost

Both autoclaving and dry-heat treatments were applied to dairy manure-based compost to achieve target populations of indigenous microorganisms. A 3 strain-mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 of ca. 2 log CFU/g was inoculated into acclimated autoclaved compost (AAC) and dry heat-treated compost (DHTC) with different moistures, and stored at 8, 22, or 30 °C. Only selected groups of microorganisms grew in AAC during acclimation, whereas the relative ratio of each group of microorganisms was maintained in DHTC after heat treatment. E. coli O157:H7 grew more in AAC than DHTC in the presence of same level of indigenous mesophiles. However, control compost (no heat treatment) did not support E. coli O157:H7 growth. Our results revealed that both the type and population of indigenous microorganisms is critical for suppressing E. coli O157:H7 growth in compost, and dry-heat treatment can result in a compost product which resembles cured compost with different levels of indigenous microorganisms.     

基于城市土地利用类型的地表温度与植被指数的关系

以沈阳市三环作为研究区域,基于QuickBird、Landsat/TM遥感影像和GIS空间分析技术,获取城市土地利用信息,陆地表面温度(LST)以及归一化植被指数(NDVI),定量分析了LST与NDVI在不同城市土地利用类型之间的差异及空间关系.结果表明:LST和NDVI具有明显相反的变化趋势,城市不同土地利用类型的LST与NDVI平均值也具有显著的差异性;多重比较发现,LST和NDVI在两两土地利用类型之间的差异不同;LST与NDVI相关性的显著程度受空间尺度的影响,LST与NDVI的相关性随空间尺度变化呈现出先增加后降低再逐渐增加的趋势.研究结果可为城市规划以及城市绿地系统规划中缓解城市热岛效应提供科学依据.     

新型脱氮微生物与水体脱氮新工艺研究进展

氨氮是河流等淡水资源有机污染的主要污染指标之一。生物脱氮具有低成本、高效、无二次污染和易操作等优点,极具发展前景。重点概述了水体净化系统中新型脱氮微生物的种类及研究进展,介绍了厌氧氨氧化、短程硝化-反硝化和分段进水生物脱氮等高效节能新工艺的工艺原理。