香港大埔滘天然次生林鸟类群落结构变化

观察了香港最大的大埔滘天然次生林内鸟类群落结构在10a间的变化。用t檢验比较了1993~1995年和2003~2005年间的10种数量最高的鸟类的密度变化。所有的泛生境留鸟种类的密度均呈显著减少。两种树林种类的密度有显著増加,其中一种是本土种,另一种是外来种。香港树林鸟类群落的变化趋势主要受到两个因素的影响,包括缺少有树林种类鸟居住的树林,和外来种的入侵。     

中亚热带红壤区油桐(Vernicia fordii)林冠水文效应特征

于从2004年7月到2005年9月,对南方红壤区油桐人工林的穿透雨、树干流和林冠截留的水文特征进行了监测,并对其影响因素进行初步分析,结果表明：在整个测定期间,油桐林穿透雨占总降雨量75.6%±8.6%,树干流占3.6%±1.1%,而截留量占20.8%±9.1%。油桐林冠对降雨的再分配受到降雨量和降雨强度的影响,随着雨量的增加,穿透雨、树干流和截留量相应地提高,并且树干流和截留量在高的雨量下逐渐趋于稳定;随着降雨强度的增加,穿透雨率逐渐升高,而树干流率和截留率降低。在不同雨量级间,油桐穿透雨具有显著性的差异,但树干流的差异不显著。油桐林下水分输入存在明显的空间异质性,穿透雨在不同观测点间具有显著性差异,靠近树干的林冠内部穿透雨低于林冠边缘,而且随着降雨量或降雨强度的增加,穿透雨的空间异质性(穿透雨率的变异系数CV)降低;树干流对降雨也具有明显的汇集作用,在树干周围输入的雨量是林外降雨量20~70倍,并且随着降雨量的增加,这种汇集效应（漏斗比率）先提高后降低。同时油桐单株树干流(cm³•mm^-1)与胸径、树高和冠层面积均呈显著正相关(p<0.05),但是与枝下高的相关性不显著(p>0.05)。     

Diversity of tropical forest landscape types in Hainan Island, China

A novel landscape classification system was proposed in this study based on landscape ecological theory and the differentiation in climate, topography, soil, vegetation and land use mode. Five basic units (zone, tract, province, region and type) and two assistant units (sub and group) were used in this system. The tropical forest landscape in Hainan Island was regarded as a landscape province, belonging to global tropical forest landscape zone, Asiatic (oriental) tropical forest landscape tract and Chinese tropical forest landscape subtract. Based on the grade system of region, sub-region, type-group and type, this landscape province (Hainan Island) is divided into 6 landscape regions (east moist forest landscape, west semi-arid forest landscape, central-south mountainous forest landscape, tropical evergreen needle-leaved forest landscape, tropical bamboo landscape and tropical plantation landscape), 11 tropical forest landscape sub-regions represented by tropical lowland valley rain forest landscape, 26 tropical forest landscape-type groups represented by tropical lowland valley Dipterocarpaceae forest landscape, and 54 forest landscape types (FLT) represented by lowland valley Vatica mangachapoi forest. Generally, this classification system represents the landscape diversity of the tropical forest in Hainan Island. Further studies are needed to better understand the landscape diversity of Hainan Island.     

森林生态系统土壤CO2释放随海拔梯度的变化及其影响因子

联合国气候框架公约的签署提升了人们对全球变暖、碳循环的关注。土壤CO₂释放作为土壤-大气CO₂交换的主要途径之一,成为了各国生态学家研究的重点内容。通过对1800~2155m海拔梯度上森林生态系统土壤CO₂释放进行研究,揭示了较小空间尺度上土壤CO₂释放的变化规律及其控制机制。在研究区域内,随着海拔梯度的增加,森林土壤CO₂释放由(1.94±006) μmol m^-2 s^-1逐渐增加至(2.22±0.07) μ mol m^-2 s^-1。土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤有机碳（SOC）、全N、全P与土壤CO₂释放呈显著正相关（n=14, P<0.05）;土壤容重与土壤CO₂释放速率呈显著负相关（n=14,P<0.05）;土壤pH对土壤CO₂释放影响不显著。作为一个复杂的生态学过程,环境因子及其交互作用对土壤CO₂释放产生影响,为了减少因子共线性影响,逐步降低因子维数,采用主成分分析（PCA）揭示了土壤温度、土壤水分、SOC、全N、全P、容重6个因子的联合作用,其累积贡献率达到了57％以上;进一步运用逐步回归分析方法,探讨了影响土壤CO₂释放沿海拔梯度分布的主导因子,结果表明土壤水分是研究区域森林生态系统土壤CO₂释放沿海拔梯度变化的主导因子。     

模拟大气CO2浓度和温度升高对亚高山冷杉(Abies faxoniana)林土壤酶活性的影响

采用控制环境生长室研究了川西亚高山森林生态系统中与C、N、P循环有关的土壤转化酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的月动态及其对模拟大气CO₂浓度增加、温度升高以及交互作用的动态响应。在一个生长季节内,土壤有机层和矿质土壤层的转化酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性高峰均出现在温度较高的夏季。其中,土壤有机层的转化酶活性高峰出现在6月份,但土壤矿质层的转化酶活性高峰出现在7月份,土壤有机层和矿质土壤层的脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性高峰均出现在7月份,而硝酸还原酶的活性高峰均出现在8月份。升高大气CO₂浓度处理(EC)对土壤有机层和矿质土壤层的转化酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶和酸性磷酸酶活性没有显著影响。升高温度处理(ET)显著增加了土壤有机层和矿质土壤层的酶活性,并且土壤有机层的转化酶、硝酸还原酶和脲酶活性增加更显著。大气CO₂浓度增加和温度升高之间的交互作用(ECT)对土壤有机层和矿质土壤层酶活性的影响主要是温度升高引起的。     

海南岛热带森林景观类型多样性

依据景观生态学原理,按地貌、气候、土壤、植被和土地利用方式的分异,以带、域、省、区、类型为5个基本单位及亚、组等为辅助单位,组建海南岛热带森林景观类型分类体系。把海南岛热带森林景观作为省级单位,它隶属于全球热带林景观带、亚洲（东方）热带林景观域、中国热带林景观亚域,其下划分为东部潮湿森林景观、西部半干旱森林景观、中南部山地森林景观、热带常绿针叶林景观、热带竹林景观和热带人工林景观6个森林景观区;以热带低地沟谷热带雨林为代表的11个森林景观亚区;以热带低地沟谷龙脑香森林景观为代表的26个森林景观类型组;以热带低地沟谷青皮林为代表的54个森林景观类型。海南岛热带森林景观类型分类体系较全面地表达了海南岛热带森林景观类型多样性。     

岷江上游不同树种林地客土混合对土壤生物化学性质和枯落叶分解的影响

人工纯林的长期经营会引发连栽障碍,影响森林的可持续发展,解决途径是引进更新树种形成混交林。为了指导四川岷江上游人工纯林更新树种和混交比例的选择,尝试通过针阔叶树种林地腐殖质土壤及其枯落物的客置和混合原位培养试验,探讨不同树种种间关系的协调性。结果表明:(1)连香树、云南松和云杉林地经过各种客土混合后酶活性普遍都有所提高,而在糙皮桦林地,经云南松土壤客土混合后酶活性普遍有所下降,经云杉土壤客土混合后脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性有不同程度的提高,蔗糖酶活性却有所下降;(2)连香树和云南松林地经过各种客土混合后,加速了C和N由枯落物进入土壤,而在糙皮桦和云杉林地经过各种客土混合后,促进了N从枯落物和有机质矿化分解进入土壤的过程,但却会对有机C进入土壤产生抑制作用;(3)所有不同针阔叶树种林地经土壤客土混合后,对原有土壤的酸碱性起到中和的作用,即原来的阔叶林地土壤向偏酸性方向发展,而原来的针叶林地土壤向偏碱性方向发展;(4)所有不同树种林地的客土混合对枯落叶分解均具有明显的促进作用;(5)连香树林地的LM0.15~0.50和LY0.15~0.35、糙皮桦林地的HM0.15和HY0.15~0.50、云南松林地的ML0.15~0.50和MH0.35~0.50、云杉林地的YL0.35~0.50和YH0.35类型是相对较好的选择,可作为确定更新树种和混交比例的参考。     

Changes of a forest bird community in Hong Kong of China in 10 years

The changes in the bird community structure of the largest natural secondary forest of Hong Kong over 10 years were investigated. Densities of the 10 most abundant species in 1993–1995 and 2003–2005 were compared using t-test. All resident habitat generalists showed significant decline in densities. Two forest specialists showed significant increase in densities: one is native and the other is exotic species. The trend of changes in the forest bird community of Hong Kong is mainly related to the absence of nearby forests that could act as “source” of forest dependent species to colonize the local secondary forests, and the invasion of exotic species.     

产薯蓣皂甙华重楼内生菌的筛选与鉴定

从华重楼(Paris polyphylla chinensis Franch)的地下块茎中分离出107株内生菌,经TLC筛选检测,菌株RZ03和RZ07可产生薯蓣皂甙。进行了形态和生理生化鉴定并将菌株的16S rDNA序列分别与用BLAST调出GenBank EMBL DDBJ中的相关序列比较,用ClustalW绘制系统发育树,RZ03与DQ019167(Exiguobac-terium acetylicum)同源性为99%,鉴定为Exiguobacterium acetylicum,RZ03、RZ07与DQ207730(Bacillus subtilis)序列同源性为99%,初步鉴定为Bacillus subtilisRZ07。     

Human disturbance and environmental factors as drivers of long‐term post‐fire regeneration patterns in Mediterranean forests

Question: What are the main forces driving natural regeneration in burned mature Mediterranean forests in the medium‐long term and what are the likely successional trajectories of unmanaged vegetation? Location: Valencia Region, eastern Spain. Methods: A wildfire burned 33 000 ha of Pinus halepensis and P. pinaster forest in 1979, and subsequent smaller wildfires took place between 1984 and 1996. The study was designed to sample the range of environmental and disturbance (fire recurrence and land use) conditions. The territory was classified into 17 different geomorphological and fire‐recurrence units. Vegetation cover and floristic composition were measured on a total of 113 plots (1000 m² each) randomly selected within these units. Results: The results show that 23 years after the fire the regenerated vegetation consists of successional shrublands, and that forest ecosystem resilience can be very low. The vegetation presents a strong correlation with most of the environmental variables, but fire (one or two fires), soil type and land use (in that order) are the main drivers of vegetation composition. Quercus coccifera shrublands persist on limestone soils while diverse types of other shrublands (dominated by seeder species) are found on marl soils. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that disturbance factors strongly coupled to human activities, such as land use and fire, play a critical role in the current state of vegetation. Fire creates vegetation patches in different successional states while land use and soil type define the different types of shrubland in terms of their specific composition.