盐生植物种子的休眠、休眠解除及萌发的特点

本文讨论了盐生植物种子的休眠、休眠解除及萌发的特点 ,主要内容有 :( 1 )盐生植物种子的休眠类型 ;( 2 )打破盐生植物种子休眠的必要条件 ;( 3)盐生种子萌发与土壤盐度的关系。并讨论了盐度抑制盐生植物种子的机理。最后 ,作者提出了将来研究盐生植物种子萌发需要解决的几个重点问题以及研究盐生植物种子休眠和萌发问题的意义     

CO2激光照射对青椒、茄子种子及幼苗生长点超弱发光影响的研究

本文利用ＣＯ２激光照射青椒、茄子干种子后,观察刺激剂量、半致死剂量对种子及幼苗生长点超弱发光的影响,从而探索超弱发光是否可作为激光照射后衡量种子活力综合反应的一项指标。其结果表明：１．青椒、茄子干种子超弱发光的动态变化随着照射间隔期的延长,其不同剂量之间超弱发光强度的差异也相应变小,照射时间最长的半致死剂量组２５″、３５″,其超弱发光由最高降为最低;激光刺激剂量组３″、１３″的超弱发光强度始终高于ＣＫ。２．青椒、茄子种子发芽过程中超弱发光表现为激光刺激剂量组均极显著高于ＣＫ;半致死剂量２５″、３５″均极显著低于ＣＫ。３．激光组的活体生长点和提取液的超弱发光均极显著高于ＣＫ;活体生长点的超弱发光低于提取液的超弱发光。     

Seed germination with titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhances water supply,reserve mobilization,oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities in pea

The nanoparticle has been reported to have severe effects and metabolic disorders in crops. Analysis of poisoning exposure to titanium dioxide is very important during the seed germination stage. Measuring the levels of water supply, reserve mobilization and redox metabolism with germination success is a prerequisite for understanding the TiO₂ stress mechanism. These measurements are carried out using different methods, including germination tests, determination of growth parameters, analysis of reserve mobilization processes and redox activities under different stress conditions. The significant effects (P < 0.05) of TiO₂ on seed germination were determined by analysis of variance (2 ways-ANOVA). We considered the effect of TiO₂ dose (0 and 50 mg/L) and time of exposure (1,2,3,4 and 5 days). The results showed that TiO₂ treatment significantly affected the germination rate (GR), the mean daily germination (MDG), the tissues dry weights, water supply, solute leakage, and induced oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities. Oxidative and metabolic disturbances are among the major causes of the successful germination of pea seeds.     

中国看麦娘属植物颖片与外稃微形态研究

通过扫描电子显微镜对中国看麦娘属7种植物的颖片和外稃微形态进行观察,以明确颖片和外稃微形态特征的系统分类学意义。结果显示:(1)看麦娘属颖片的长细胞为长筒状,细胞壁多为波状弯曲;短细胞为近圆形或肾形;气孔器常见或缺如或稀少;冠细胞密布或者稀少;刺细胞常见或少见;硅细胞的形状多为椭圆形或者近圆形。颖片的不同主要体现在冠细胞和气孔器的有、无及刺细胞的分布。(2)看麦娘属外稃的长细胞长筒状或短筒状,细胞壁波状弯曲;短细胞椭圆形或近圆形或近长方形;气孔器常见或无;刺细胞均常见;硅细胞多椭圆形或近圆形或长方形;冠细胞偶见或密布。外稃的不同主要体现在短细胞和气孔器的分布或缺如及硅细胞的不同形状。(3)对看麦娘属的颖片和外稃微形态特征进行聚类分析,看麦娘属植物分成了2个分支,分支Ⅰ由看麦娘、长芒看麦娘和日本看麦娘组成,分支Ⅱ包括苇状看麦娘、大看麦娘、短穗看麦娘和大穗看麦娘;7种植物的颖片和外稃微形态分类检索表依次列出。研究表明,颖片和外稃微形态特征都可以作为看麦娘属植物种间的分类依据,除短穗看麦娘外,颖片和外稃聚类分析的结果与看麦娘属内划分的组一致,颖片和外稃微形态支持短穗看麦娘划入sect.Alopecurus。     

伞形科山芹属叶表皮微形态特征研究

利用扫描电镜技术对伞形科山芹属(Ostericum Hoffm.)9种2变种(21居群)植物叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察分析。结果显示:山芹属植物叶片上表皮表面均较平滑,细胞轮廓清晰或不清晰,若细胞轮廓可见则为多边形与不规则形;初级蜡质纹饰为较密集的粗(细)条状,部分种类具有单层或双层脊状二级纹饰或有颗粒状或分枝状附属结构;下表皮亦有类似蜡质条状纹饰,均匀分布或集中在气孔周围或凹凸部位,气孔器形状多为椭圆形(偶见梭形),内外拱盖表面粗糙或光滑。上述研究表明,山芹属叶片微形态特征具有良好的种内稳定性和种间多样性,尤其是初级纹饰的宽度及排列密度、二级纹饰以及气孔器形状等特征,可为山芹属植物种间和种下的近缘类群亲缘关系与分类修订提供形态学依据。     

Lipid and Phenolic Constituents from Seeds of Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum tetrapterum Fr. and their Antioxidant Activity

Seeds of Hypericum perforatum and H. tetrapterum were extracted with dichloromethane and methanol and investigated by chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. Both species yielded a fatty oil fraction amounting to 30.5% and 18.0% of the seed weight, respectively. Linoleic acid (C18:2n‐6) was shown to be the predominant fatty acid constituent. Moreover, xanthone derivatives, i.e. tetrahydroxyxanthones (THX), xanthone‐glycosides and xanthone‐sulfonates, were assigned in methanolic extracts. For structure elucidation, one representative xanthone, namely 1,3,6,7‐THX, was synthesized and analyzed via HPLC‐DAD/MSⁿ and GC/MS. Total THX contents were quantitated applying a validated HPLC‐DAD method, resulting in 1.25 g/kg (H. perforatum) and 0.27 g/kg (H. tetrapterum), respectively. Moreover, the free radical scavenging capacity of the methanol extracts was tested using the DPPH antioxidant assay. Both, H. perforatum (IC₅₀ = 8.7 mg/l) and 1,3,6,7‐THX (IC₅₀ = 3.0 mg/l), exhibited good DPPH free radical scavenging activity compared to Trolox (IC₅₀ = 6.6 mg/l).     

Astragalus sect. Astragalus (Fabaceae) in Iran

Astragalus rahiminejadii , a new species endemic to Iran, is described and illustrated. This species, which belongs to section Astragalus , is confined to the western part of Iran (Prov. Kermanshah) and is known only from a single population. Seed testa morphology as viewed under the scanning electron microscope is discussed and photomicrographs are provided. In addition, the geographical distribution and ecology of the species belonging to this section are discussed.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 147 , 363–368.     

大野芋种子形成丛生芽的微繁殖

大野芋(Colocasiagigantea)的成熟种子(褐色)和未成熟的种子(淡黄色)在1/2MS培养基上均能萌发,种子萌发率最高达50%,种子没有休眠期。在室温下,种子在1/4MS 1%蔗糖培养基上,寿命约可达1年。种子在MS BA2mg·L-1 IAA0.25mg·L-1的培养基上,产生丛生芽。增值率1∶4/60d。生根培养基为MS NAA0.3mg·L-1,生根率达95%以上。通过诱导大野芋种子产生丛生芽,建成了快繁无性系,并成功地实现了种子的离体保存。本研究工作的完成,对于芋头的这一野生近缘种的保存和利用、芋头品种的改良,均具有较大意义。     

An 11th century a.d. burnt granary at La Gravette, south-western France: preliminary archaeobotanical results

A thick layer of carbonised seeds was encountered in an 11th century a.d. room situated in the seigneurial part of the village of La Gravette. This paper presents the first results of charcoal and seed analyses which give information on the food products stored in the granary and on their arrangement there. Triticum aestivum/durum/turgidum was by far the most important stored crop, while Avena sp., then Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, Triticum monococcum and Vitis vinifera were secondary. Weeds were poorly represented. Charcoals were dominated by deciduous Quercus sp., and 11 additional wood taxa were recorded, including especially Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus sp., Rosaceae, Corylus avellana, Acer campestre and Ulmus sp. According to the charcoal distribution, Quercus and Fagus were probably building materials while most of other taxa would have been used for basketry, wattling or joinery work. In the western part of the granary, naked wheat was stored in bulk. In the eastern part, various crops (at least naked wheat, barley, rye, oat and grape) were stored in small amounts, most of which were probably separated by light wooden structures. The cereal crops had largely been processed and cleaned. The stored products probably represent taxes paid to the lord who owned the granary.     

Purification and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from Putranjiva roxburghii seeds

A highly stable and potent trypsin inhibitor was purified to homogeneity from the seeds of Putranjiva roxburghii belonging to Euphorbiaceae family by acid precipitation, cation-exchange and anion-exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis, under reducing condition, showed that protein consists of a single polypeptide chain with molecular mass of approximately 34 kDa. The purified inhibitor inhibited bovine trypsin in 1:1 molar ratio. Kinetic studies showed that the protein is a competitive inhibitor with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.4x10(-11) M. The inhibitor retained the inhibitory activity over a broad range of pH (pH 2-12), temperature (20-80 degrees C) and in DTT (up to100 mM). The complete loss of inhibitory activity was observed above 90 degrees C. CD studies, at increasing temperatures, demonstrated the structural stability of inhibitor at high temperatures. The polypeptide backbone folding was retained up to 80 degrees C. The CD spectra of inhibitor at room temperature exhibited an alpha, beta pattern. N-terminal amino acid sequence of 10 residues did not show any similarities to known serine proteinase inhibitors, however, two peptides obtained by internal partial sequencing showed significant resemblance to Kunitz-type inhibitors.