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101.
Seedling herbivory is an important selective filter influencing patterns of plant community composition. Nevertheless, while many of the mechanisms governing seedling selection by herbivores are well established, the effects of tissue loss at the seedling stage on subsequent plant development are poorly understood. Here we examined how the removal of 50 or approximately 100% of cotyledon area from 7-d-old chalk grassland seedlings affected subsequent plant growth and flowering over a 100-d period. Cotyledon damage had a significant effect on growth during the establishment phase for six of the nine species. For two species, significant effects on plant growth were manifest in 100-d-old plants. Of the five species that flowered, three developed fewer inflorescences or flowered later as a consequence of cotyledon damage suffered as a seedling. Our results show that, in addition to the direct effect of herbivory on seedling mortality, more subtle sublethal effects may also influence plant establishment. Reduced growth as a result of cotyledon damage may have implications for plant competition during the establishment phase, and on subsequent reproductive success at maturity. 相似文献
102.
Carbon-based secondary compounds (CBSCs), such as phenols or tannins, have been considered as one of the most important and
general chemical barriers of woody plants against a diverse array of herbivores. Herbivory has been described as a critical
factor affecting the growth and survival of newly established tree seedlings or juveniles then, the presence of secondary
metabolites as defences against herbivores should be a primary strategy to reduce foliar damage. We examined whether light-induced
changes in leaf phenolic chemistry affected insect herbivory on seedlings of two rainforest tree species, Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) and Gevuina avellana (Proteaceae). Seedlings of both species were planted under closed canopy and in a canopy gap within a large remnant forest
patch. Half of the seedlings in each habitat were disinfected with a wide-spectrum systemic insecticide and the other half
were used as controls. Seedling growth, survival, and foliar damage (estimated by an herbivory index) due to insect herbivores
were monitored over a period of 16 months (December 2001–April 2003). The total leaf content of phenols and condensed tannins
were assessed in seedlings from both habitats. As expected, access to light induced a greater production of CBSCs in seedlings
of both tree species, but these compounds did not seem to play a significant defensive role, as seedlings grown in gaps suffered
greater leaf damage than those planted in forest interior. In addition, in both habitats, seedlings without insecticide treatment
suffered a greater foliar damage than those with insecticide, especially 16 months after the beginning of the experiment.
Canopy openness and herbivory had positive and negative effects, respectively, on seedling growth and survival in both tree
species. In conclusion, despite the higher levels of defence in tree-fall gap, the higher densities of herbivore override
this and lead to higher damage levels. 相似文献
103.
Competition and facilitation are both considered major factors affecting the structure of plant assemblages, yet few studies have quantified positive, negative, and net effects simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the positive, negative, and net effects of tree saplings on the encroachment of two tree species, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora), into a coastal California grassland. The study involved three components: sampling the spatial distributions of P. menziesii and L. densiflora in the grasslands, a field experiment examining seedling survival in different grassland environments, and a greenhouse experiment examining the effects of soil moisture on early seedling performance. The field experiment was conducted over a 2-year period, using Pseudotsuga in 2002 and both species in 2003. Seedlings were separated into four treatment groups: those planted in open grassland, in shaded grassland, under artificial (plastic) conifer saplings, and under natural Pseudotsuga saplings. Air temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, incident radiation levels and fog water inputs were measured for each treatment group in 2003. In the greenhouse experiment, Pseudotsuga and Lithocarpus seedlings were grown for 13 weeks in watering treatments simulating the summer soil moisture conditions of the open grasslands and under Pseudotsuga saplings. Surveys of naturally established seedlings found that Lithocarpus occurred only under Pseudotsuga saplings, while most Pseudotsuga seedlings were located near but not directly under conspecific saplings. In the field experiment, positive effects of tree saplings were much larger than negative effects, resulting in strong net facilitation of seedling establishment. Survival for both species was always higher under the plastic and live trees than in the open or shade plots. The primary mechanism facilitating seedling survival appeared to be increased soil moisture caused by input of fog precipitation coupled with reduced microsite evaporation. The greenhouse experiment further showed that soil moisture strongly affected seedling performance, with both species having much higher photosynthetic rates in the higher moisture treatment. In the lower moisture treatment, Pseudotsuga seedlings had higher photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance than Lithocarpus, suggesting they may be able to better tolerate the environmental conditions found in the open grasslands. Our combined results suggest that rate and patterning of woody plant encroachment can be strongly influenced by facilitation and that fog precipitation may play a key role in plant interactions. 相似文献
104.
我国草坪科学的现状与发展 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
本文对草坪科学的主要研究方向的进展进行了综述,指出了我国草坪研究的优势、劣势及存在的主要问题,如种质资源丰富但迫切需要保护;育种工作刚刚起步;草坪管理技术落后。还阐述了今后促进草坪科学发展的工作重点。 相似文献
105.
Early germination of white oaks is widely viewed as an evolutionary strategy to escape rodent predation; yet, the mechanism by which this is accomplished is poorly understood. We report that chestnut oak Quercus montana (CO) and white oak Q. alba (WO) (from North America), and oriental cork oak Q. variabilis (OO) and Mongolian oak Q. mongolica (MO) (from Asia) can escape predation and successfully establish from only taproots. During germination in autumn, cotyledonary petioles of acorns of CO and WO elongate and push the plumule out of the cotyledons, whereas OO and MO extend only the hypocotyls and retain the plumule within the cotyledons. Experiments showed that the pruned taproots (>6 cm) of CO and WO acorns containing the plumule successfully germinated and survived, and the pruned taproots (≥12 cm) of OO and MO acorns without the plumule successfully regenerated along with the detached acorns, thus producing two seedlings. We argue that these two distinct regeneration morphologies reflect alternative strategies for escaping seed predation. 相似文献
106.
107.
108.
Ileana Herrera Maria-Josefina Hernandez Margarita Lampo Jafet M. Nassar 《Population Ecology》2012,54(1):225-237
Biological invasions have a great impact on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide. Kalanchoe daigremontiana is a noxious invasive plant in arid zones. Besides being toxic for domestic animals and wildlife, this species inhibits the
growth of native plants. Its rapid proliferation in Cerro Saroche National Park (Venezuela) is of great concern because this
area hosts several species endemic to the scarce arid zones in the Caribbean. The traits of K. daigremontiana that contribute to its invasive success are unknown. Based on empirical data, we derived a stage structured, stochastic and
density-dependent model, to identify characteristics relevant for its establishment. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the
establishment of K. daigremontiana depends exclusively on plantlet recruitment. Because asexual plantlets reproduce in less than 1 year populations are able
to increase rapidly during the initial phases of invasion, when extinction risks are higher. Sexual seedlings, on the contrary,
require a minimum of 3 years to reproduce. As a result, seedling recruitment contributes little to the transient dynamics
of the population and therefore cannot warrant the successful establishment of the species. Simulations of various management
strategies show that eradication through plant removal may only be achieved if harvest begins shortly after introduction.
If a rapid response is not possible, reducing the survival and growth rates of plantlets through biological control is an
alternative option. Thus, a strict control of dispersal of plantlets by humans and a continuous monitoring of new invasions
should be the first priority for reducing further impact on native species. 相似文献
109.
小麦品种资源耐盐性鉴定 总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8
按照农业部行业标准NY/PZT001-2002,对882份小麦品种资源进行耐盐性初步鉴定,筛选出芽期耐盐性为一级的品种328份,苗期和芽期都达到中度耐盐的品种43份。这些品种中很多既具有中度或中度以上耐盐性且具有高产优质等优异特性,如小偃22、新曙光1号等,为小麦耐盐育种提供重要信息。相关分析表明,不同耐盐级别的小麦品种其芽期和苗期耐盐性并没有一致的相关关系,二者并没有可比性,在耐盐种质筛选过程中,都有其本身的意义。 相似文献
110.
目的建立肝性脑病(HE)动物模型。方法应用四氯化碳联合酒精自饮法制作慢性肝功能衰竭引起HE发生的模型,进行迷宫试验、脑电图、血液生化、形态学、行为活动观察等检测。结果 1.肉眼下可见模型组肝脏普遍肿大,表面较粗糙,有较粗的颗粒,暗红色;正常组肝脏未见异常。模型组肝内有大量纤维增生,肝细胞溶解,弥漫性大片坏死,残留肝细胞成片气球样变。2.与对照组大鼠比较,造模组第九周水迷宫测试逃避潜伏期明显延长,以潜伏期延长超过正常x+2.5 s为标准,本实验有14/20(55%)只大鼠水迷宫潜伏期明显延长;3.HE模型组血氨浓度明显高于正常对照组,组间比较差异有显著性(P〈0.01);4.正常组脑电图以α波为主,无明显异常;模型组出现肝性脑病变化。结论 1.建立了肝硬化合并肝性脑病较为理想的动物模型;2.水迷宫测试联合检测更易检出HE。 相似文献