球面设计优化金线莲黄酮类物质提取工艺及糖耐受性的研究(英文)

以金线莲为材料,利用统计学实验设计方法对黄酮类物质的提取工艺进行了优化。选定液料比、乙醇浓度和时间三个因素的五个水平进行球面设计实验,建立黄酮提取率的二次回归方程,通过回归分析及岭脊分析得到优化提取组合条件。研究结果表明,当提取工艺条件为:液料比24,乙醇浓度63%,提取时间48 h时,黄酮提取率的最大预测值为1.107%,验证值为1.05%。葡萄糖耐受性试验结果表明:金线莲黄酮类萃取物能够提高正常小鼠对糖的耐受性。     

Extraction of High Quality of RNA and Construction of a Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) Library from Chestnut Rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt)

Chestnut rose (Rosa roxburghii Tratt) is a rare fruit crop of promising economical importance in fruit and ornamental exploitation in China. Isolation of high quality RNA from chestnut rose is difficult due to its high levels of polyphenols, polysaccharides and other compounds, but a modified CTAB extraction procedure without phenol gave satisfactory results. High concentrations of PVP (2%, w/v), CTAB (2%, w/v) and β-mercaptoethanol (4%, v/v) were used in the extraction buffer to improve RNA quality. The average yield was about 200 μg RNA g⁻¹ fresh leaves. The isolated RNA was of sufficient quality for construction of suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) library, which allowed the isolation of several pathogen-induced defense genes. Qiang Xu and Xiaopeng Wen - Contribute to this work equally Revisions requested 3 November 2005; Revisions received 18 January 2006     

刺梨果实中维生素C积累与相关酶活性的关系

刺梨果实发育过程中维生素C(AsA)积累呈"慢一快一慢"的模式,其中6月底至8月初是AsA积累最快和最重要的时期.半乳糖内酯脱氢酶(GalLDH)活性与AsA积累速率的变化趋势基本一致,二者间呈极显著的正相关关系.AsA分解酶抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AAP)只在发育前期极短时间内表现活性,从而使AsA极少被氧化分解,这是刺梨果实能积累高水平AsA的重要原因之一;在果实发育过程中始终未能检测到单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性,表明它们不是刺梨果实积累高含量AsA的关键因素.     

Xylem and Phloem Derived Polyamines during Flowering in Two Diverse Rose Species

Polyamine contents in xylem (root) and phloem (leaf) exudates in two diverse species of rose, viz. Rosa damascena Mill and Rosa bourboniana Desport, were analyzed before, during, and after flowering in the main flowering season, that is, April–May. Only free putrescine (Put) was detected in the xylem and phloem exudates at these time points, and it was high during the peak flowering period. In phloem, Put content was significantly higher in R. bourboniana than in R. damascena at all three stages; whereas in the xylem exudate it was relatively higher in R. damascena at the peak flowering period. A spray of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of the putrescine biosynthetic inhibitor ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), markedly decreased the flowering. This effect was reversed by application of Put alone or in combination with DFMO. The significance of this finding is discussed in light of polyamine translocation during flowering. *IHBT Communication: 0354     

刺梨果实膳食纤维积累动态及其对遮光的反应

刺梨果实是优质膳食纤维的良好来源。该研究以‘贵农5号’刺梨果实为材料,测定了果实发育过程中膳食纤维的含量、组分变化及其对光照的响应特征。结果表明:(1)在刺梨果实的整个发育过程中,总膳食纤维和不溶性膳食纤维含量在花后40 d之前的幼果期更高,并随着果实的快速发育持续下降,至成熟时分别约占果实干重的24%和16%,而可溶性膳食纤维含量在果实发育过程中变化平稳,一直维持在干重的8%左右。(2)果胶在花后20 d之前有一快速积累过程,至果实成熟时纤维素和半纤维素为膳食纤维主要组分,约占总膳食纤维的60%;花后60 d之前是刺梨果实膳食纤维积累的主要时期。(3)刺梨果实总膳食纤维、不溶性膳食纤维中单糖组分主要以半乳糖、葡萄糖为主,而可溶性膳食纤维中单糖组分主要为甘露糖,两类膳食纤维间表现出较大差异。(4)果实套袋遮光不同程度促进了刺梨果实总膳食纤维、可溶性膳食纤维、总果胶、原果胶的积累,尤其是100%遮光的效应更明显,但对果实中不溶性膳食纤维、纤维素、木质素、可溶性果胶的积累影响并不显著。     

Reversible and tissue‐specific activation of MAP kinase signaling by tamoxifen in brafV637ERT2 mice

Deregulated MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling plays key roles in developmental and adult disease processes, but the experimental activation of MAPK is a currently unresolved task. For the reversible induction of MAPK signaling, we generated transgenic mice harboring a tamoxifen inducible BRAF^V637EER^T2 fusion protein. The expression of the inducible BRAF kinase can be directed by Cre/loxP‐mediated recombination to selected cell types and enables the highly specific activation of MAPK signalling in vivo. We show that MAPK signaling can be transiently activated in the brain, liver, or kidney of Braf^V637EER^T2 mice by a single injection of tamoxifen. Braf^V637EER^T2 mice provide a new versatile tool to study disease mechanisms elicited by MAPK activation, complementing gene knockout technology that is restricted to the analysis of loss‐of‐function phenotypes. genesis 51:448–455. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Genetic differentiation of three endangered wild roses in northeastern Germany: Rosa inodora Fries, Rosa sherardii Davies and Rosa subcollina (H. Christ) Keller

Because of increased interest in the use of local provenances for restoration or landscaping projects, information about the genetic differentiation of plant species is required to delineate provenances for seed collection. To obtain information about population distinctiveness of endangered Rosa species occurring in Brandenburg (northeast Germany), we investigated the genetic differentiation of Rosa inodora, R. sherardii and R. subcollina using RAPD markers. All three species were uncommon in our study region. Φ-statistics, estimated by amova, revealed a low interpopulation differentiation for R. inodora (Φ(PT) = 0.19, P < 0.0001) and higher values for R. sherardii and R. subcollina (Φ(PT) = 0.29 and 0.30, P < 0.0001). UPGMA dendrograms and NMDS showed clear spatial differentiation for all species and a correlation between geographic and genetic distances. Due to predominantly high values of genetic differentiation and spatial patterns of ordination, we suggest small provenance regions for endangered Rosa species for seed collection.     

17份蔷薇属植物的亲缘关系的形态学和ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记结合形态学指标对17份蔷薇属植物进行亲缘关系研究,采用NTSYS2.1进行聚类分析。结果表明：13个引物共扩增出479 条带,其中有221条多态带,多态性比例为46.1%;根据形态学聚类分析,在相似系数为0.12时17份蔷薇属植物可分为三类,第一类包括‘宝岛玫瑰’ 、‘索菲之常花种’、‘凯拉伯爵夫人’ 、‘索菲的玫瑰’、 ‘藤神奇’、 ‘大富贵’、‘美人鱼’、‘金瓯泛绿’、‘金粉莲’和‘一季粉’;第二类包括‘绿萼’、 ‘湖中月’、 ‘羽士妆’、 ‘杨基歌’、‘四面镜’和‘匍匐红’; ‘法国变色蔷薇’为第三类。根据ISSR聚类分析,在相似系数为0.66时可分为四类,第一类为‘宝岛玫瑰’;第二类为‘绿萼’、‘匍匐红’、‘凯拉伯爵夫人’、 ‘美人鱼’、‘四面镜’、‘湖中月’和‘羽士妆’;第三类为‘索菲的玫瑰’和 ‘杨基歌’;第四类为‘法国变色蔷薇’、‘金瓯泛绿’、 ‘藤神奇’、‘索菲之常花种’、‘一季粉’、 ‘大富贵’和‘金粉莲’。形态学聚类与ISSR聚类结果基本一致。     

A comprehensive analysis of the physiological and anatomical components involved in higher water loss rates after leaf development at high humidity

To better understand the poor regulation of water loss after leaf development at high relative air humidity (RH), the relative importance of the physiological and anatomical components was analyzed focusing on cultivars with a contrasting sensitivity to elevated RH. The stomatal responsiveness to three closing stimuli (desiccation, abscisic acid feeding, light/dark transition), as well as several stomatal features (density, index, size and pore dimensions) and the cuticular transpiration rate (CTR) were determined in four rose cultivars, grown under moderate (60%) and high (95%) RH. Moreover, the effects of changes in stomatal density and pore dimensions on the stomatal conductance (g_s) were quantified using a modified version of the Brown and Escombe equation. Higher water loss, as a result of plant growth at high RH, was primarily caused by an increase in residual g_s, and to a lesser extent due to higher CTR. It was estimated that in leaflets subjected to desiccation the enhanced g_s in high RH- as compared to moderate RH-grown plants was mostly due to poor stomatal functionality and to a lesser extent the combined result of higher stomatal density and longer pore length. It is concluded that the reduced degree and, specially, the reduced rate of stomatal closure are the primary causes of the large genotypic variation in the control of water loss in high RH-grown plants. Furthermore, it was found that although changes in stomatal length have no influence on stomatal functionality, changed anatomical features per se represent a significant and direct contribution to the increased water loss.     

Identification of fungal diseases of Rosa damascena in Kerman province of Iran

The oil rose, Rosa damascena Mill. (Rosaceae) is an agricultural crop cultivated in various countries of the northern hemisphere, such as Turkey, Bulgaria, Morocco, Iran, Egypt, France, China and India. Iran, presently, is the largest producer of rose water in world. The major production areas in Iran are Kashan, Fars, Kerman and Azerbaijan. Kerman province with 2297 hectares ha of rose gardens and 6198 tons of flower production is one of the important rose production regions. The productions of this region are organic and do not use anychemical compounds such as pesticides and fertilisers. The major fungal pathogens were studied during 2008–2010 in oil rose production areas in Kerman province, Iran. Verticillium dahlias, Rosellinia necatrix, Alternaria alternata, Seimatosporium fusisporum and Podosphaera pannosa have been detected in the oil rose from different regions in Kerman province. A. alternata has the most isolates and infected plants per cent in the oil rose. This is the first report fromVerticillium dahliae, R. necatrix, A. alternata, S. fusisporum on oil roses (R.damascena) in the world.