帕里红景天的化学成分研究

从帕里红景天根茎的石油醚和乙醇提取部分共分得１４种结晶性化合物,经光谱分析和化学反应,分别鉴定为二十二醇、二十六酸、十九醇、β－谷甾醇、二十九醇、红景天甙、麦芽糖、棉皮素－８－葡萄糖甙、胡萝卜甙、酪醇、咖啡酸、没食子酸、形花内酯和新化合物帕里甙。     

Establishment of <i>Rhodiola quadrifida</i> Hairy Roots and Callus Culture to Produce Bioactive Compounds

Rhodiola quadrifida is a rare mountain medicinal plant whose root extracts are used in traditional Chinese medicine as a hemostatic, antitussive, and tonic in the treatment of gynecological diseases. The aim of the study was to obtain R. quadrifida cultures at different degrees of differentiation in vitro and compare their growth characteristics and the content of salidroside and rosavin. Hairy roots were obtained by incubating cotyledons and hypocotyls in a suspension of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4. The presence of the rolB and rolC genes was proven by polymerase chain reaction. The obtained roots were cultivated in Murashige-Skoog medium (MS). Calluses were obtained from the hairy roots in MS medium with the addition of hormones: 3 mg/L 2,4 D and 0.5 mg/L BAP. The presence of the main secondary metabolites of R. quadrifida, salidroside and rosavin, in calluses and salidroside in hairy roots by HPLC/MS was confirmed. The content of salidroside in callus culture was significantly higher than in hairy roots, 0.158 and 0.047%, respectively. The content of rosavin in callus culture was 0.07%. The content of rosavin and salidroside in callus culture was close to the level of these substances in the rhizomes of R. quadrifida plants growing in vivo, making this culture promising for its possible biotechnological use.     

Two species of the Rhodiola yunnanensis species complex distributed around the Sichuan Basin of China: Speciation in a ring?

A ring species consists of two reproductively isolated forms connected by a chain of intergrading populations encircling a geographic barrier. The mountains encircling the Sichuan Basin in southwestern China harbor great species diversity and endemism, and they are candidate regions for ring species. Here, we examined a potential ring species complex with a ring distribution surrounding the Sichuan Basinand the reproductive barrier between sibling species Rhodiola yunnanensis and R. henryi of the R. yunnanensis complex. In this study, we test the hypothesis that R. yunnanensis and R. henryi diverged by the ring-species model using an amplicon sequencing strategy targeting the introns of 27 single-copy nuclear genes and 14 chloroplast DNA sequences. Our studies indicated that the R. yunnanensis complex is monophyletic, originates at the late Miocene, and forms its current ring distribution pattern after the LIG. In addition, clear genetic intergradation was not found among R. henryi populations within the distribution ring. All these findings suggest that the divergence of two sibling species was not driven by the geographic isolation, and they were not originated from the ring-species model; however, the basin-surrounding distribution pattern and reproductive barrier between them meet some criteria for being a ring species.     

青藏高原红景天药材的HPLC指纹图谱

利用高效液相色谱法建立了青藏高原红景天的色谱指纹图谱。固定相采用C28反相色谱柱,流动相为甲醇：0．1%磷酸水(v／v=15：85);检测波长220nm;流速为1．0mL／min。通过比较发现红景天样品的8个主要共有峰．可作为鉴别红景天药材的主要依据。方法简便快速。为中药品种的鉴定提供了较全面的信息。     

高山红景天（Rhodiola sachalinensis）遗传变异及其濒危机制的探讨

采用淀粉凝胶电泳手段,等位酶分析技术对分布于黑龙江大海林林业局高山红景天天然分布区内３个亚种群及吉林长白山１个亚种群的９种酶系统１８个位点进行了遗传分析,结果表明种群内存在一定的遗传变异（从态位点百分比为３０．５５％,等位基因平均数为１．３３３）但不是很丰富,主要是该种类狭窄的分布区致使生境单一及人为破坏其本身的生物学特性长期的进化过程中相互适应相互选择的结果。在黑龙江的分布区内各亚种群之间一致度     

Genetic Variation Within and Among Populations of Rhodiola alsia (Crassulaceae) Native to the Tibetan Plateau as Detected by ISSR Markers

Genetic variation of 10 Rhodiola alsia (Crassulaceae) populations from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China was investigated using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. R. alsia is an endemic species of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Of the 100 primers screened, 13 were highly polymorphic. Using these primers, 140 discernible DNA fragments were generated with 112 (80%) being polymorphic, indicating pronounced genetic variation at the species level. Also there were high levels of polymorphism at the population level with the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) ranging from 63.4 to 88.6%. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the genetic variation was mainly found among populations (70.3%) and variance within populations was 29.7%. The main factors responsible for the high level of differentiation among populations are probably the isolation from other populations and clonal propagation of this species. Occasional sexual reproduction might occur in order to maintain high levels of variation within populations. Environmental conditions could also influence population genetic structure as they occur in severe habitats. The strong genetic differentiation among populations in our study indicates that the conservation of genetic variability in R. alsia requires maintenance of as many populations as possible.     

青藏高原红景天属植物药材中五种有效成分HPLC分析(英文)

为了比较红景天属不同红景天药材的有效成分的差异,采用HPLC-DAD法建立了同时测定青藏高原14种红景天属药材中红景天苷、酪醇、没食子酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素含量的方法.色谱柱为Phenomenex Luna C18(250×4.6 mm,5μm);以甲醇-水为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL/min;检测波长为276 nm;柱温为30℃。结果表明,在五种化合物在选定的条件下能得到较好的分离,线性关系良好。方法回收率在97.36%以上,RSD小于2.31%。该方法简单快速,可为红景天属药材的质量控制提供科学依据。     

Mesostructure and activity of photosynthetic apparatus for three crassulacean species grown in cold climate

A comparative study of leaf anatomy and morphology and of CO₂ exchange was conducted with Rhodiola rosea L., Hylotelephium triphyllum (Haw.) Holub., and Sedum acre L. as representative Crassulacean species occurring in the northeast European Russia. The leaf mesophyll in R. rosea was clearly differentiated into the palisade and spongy tissues, whereas the mesophyll of stonecrops (H. triphyllum and S. acre) was composed of round-shaped cells. The leaves of S. acre featured the largest volume of mesophyll cells and possessed water-retaining cells located around conducting bundles. The chloroplast volume in S. acre (50 μm³) was three times smaller and the number of chloroplasts per cell (170 cell^?1) was three times higher than in R. rosea and H. triphyllum (50–55 cell^?1). The content of chlorophylls (5–7 mg/g dry wt) and carotenoids (1.5–2.0 mg/g dry wt) in R. rosea leaves was 2–3 times higher than in leaves of stonecrops. The rate of CO₂ net uptake in Crassulacean species depended on mesostructure and correlated with the content of pigments and soluble carbohydrates. The photosynthetic rate in R. rosea under optimal irradiance and temperature attained the value of 40 mg/(g dry wt), which is 3 and 8 times higher than in H. triphyllum and S. acre, respectively. The temperature optimum for photosynthesis of R. rosea was observed at 8–18°C, while the optimum for stonecrops was shifted towards higher temperatures by 3–5°C. At chilling temperatures (5–7°C), the leaves of R. rosea retained 50% of their maximal photosynthetic rate, while photosynthetic rates in H. triphyllum and S. acre leaves lowered to 25–30% of the maximal rate. The increase in temperature to 25–30°C led to depression of CO₂ net uptake in leaves of Crassulacean species. In R. rosea and H. triphyllum, the rate of photosynthetic electron flow was depressed at high irradiances and temperatures that were supraoptimal for net photosynthesis. It is concluded that the photosynthetic apparatus of Crassulacean species is well adapted to moderate and chilling temperatures, which adjusts the plant metabolism to “life strategies” under conditions of cold climate.     

Genetic diversity in a germplasm collection of roseroot (Rhodiola rosea) in Norway studied by AFLP

Rhodiola rosea is widely distributed in Norway, but so far limited knowledge exists on the level of genetic diversity. To initiate a selective breeding program, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to estimate genetic diversity within the Norwegian R. rosea germplasm collection. AFLP analysis of 97 R. rosea clones using five primer combinations gave a total of 109 polymorphic bands. We detected high percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) with a mean of 82.3% among the clones of R. rosea. Each of the 97 R. rosea clones could be unambiguously identified based on these primer combinations. Estimates of genetic similarities were obtained by the Dice coefficient, and a final dendrogram was constructed with the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Genetic similarity based on the AFLP data ranged from 0.440 to 0.950 with a mean of 0.631. This genetic analysis showed that there was no close genetic similarity among clones related to their original growing county. No gender-specific markers were found in the R. rosea clones. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed a significantly greater variation within regions (92.03%) than among regions (7.97%). A low level of genetic differentiation (F_ST = 0.043) was observed, indicating a high level of gene flow, which had a strong influence on the genetic structure at different counties. Our results indicate high gene flow among R. rosea clones that might be a result of seed dispersal rather than cross-pollination. Further world-wide studies are required to compare the level of genetic diversity and more studies in R. rosea detailing the consequences of different patterns of gene flow (pollen spread and dispersal of seeds and clonal plants) will be useful for characterization of roseroot.