Habitat use and home range size of red foxes in Prince Edward Island (Canada) based on snow-tracking and radio-telemetry data

There is a lack of information regarding the ecology and behaviour of red foxes that can be used to elaborate effective management programs for this species on Prince Edward Island (Canada). The main goal of this study was to provide baseline information on habitat selection and home range size of red foxes on Prince Edward Island. Data were collected from snow-tracking and radio-telemetry sessions conducted in two study sites (including one site within Prince Edward Island National Park). Our results indicated that red foxes selected for roads and human-use areas during both the breeding and the kit-rearing seasons in the park. Outside the park, however, the data failed to conclusively show that foxes have a unique preference for human-use habitats or roads. Forests were selected against in both study sites. Although roads are frequently visited by foxes during the kit-rearing season in the park, each individual fox typically stays in this habitat only for short periods of time (< 15 min). This finding suggests that foraging efficiency along the roads is very high possibly reflecting the abundance of anthropogenic food sources. Overall, we present the largest amount of data on habitat selection ever collected for red foxes in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Our results show that food sources in human-use areas and roads are altering the selection and/or use of habitats of red foxes in some areas of Prince Edward Island.     

《生物多样性》投稿须知

<正>《生物多样性》(Biodiversity Science)1993年创刊,是中国科学院生物多样性委员会、中国植物学会、中国科学院植物研究所、动物研究所、微生物研究所共同主办的生物多样性科学领域的综合性学术刊物,双月刊,大16开。本刊旨在报道生物多样性科学领域的创新性研究成果,具引领和示范作用的保护实践案例或新范式,热点地区/调查空白地区或重要生物类群的生物编目,有新观点的高水平综述,以及履行相关国际公约的进展。基本要求1主要栏目综述(1)选题有新意,具前瞻性,能引起读者广泛的     

我国蚕豆根瘤菌的数值分类及其16SrDNA PCR-RFLP研究

对分离自我国11个省24个地区49株蚕豆根瘤菌及11株参比菌株进行了唯一碳源、氮源、抗生素、耐逆性和酶活性等138个表型性状测定,并用MINTS软件进行聚类分析。结果表明,全部供试菌株在59％的相似水平上聚在一起,在80％的相似水平上可分为6个群。其中群4与参比菌株聚在一起,而其他5个群均由未知菌组成。进一步对36株菌进行了16S rDNA PCR—RFLP分析,在85％相似水平上供试菌可分为4个群和1个独立的分支,其聚群结果与数值分类结果有较好的一致性。表型及遗传型分析结果表明,我国蚕豆根瘤菌具有极大的多样性。     

Impact of land use and land cover change on groundwater recharge and quality in the southwestern US

Humans have exerted large‐scale changes on the terrestrial biosphere, primarily through agriculture; however, the impacts of such changes on the hydrologic cycle are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the conversion of natural rangeland ecosystems to agricultural ecosystems impacts the subsurface portion of the hydrologic cycle by changing groundwater recharge and flushing salts to underlying aquifers. The hypothesis was examined through point and areal studies investigating the effects of land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes on groundwater recharge and solute transport in the Amargosa Desert (AD) in Nevada and in the High Plains (HP) in Texas, US. Studies use the fact that matric (pore‐water‐pressure) potential and environmental‐tracer profiles in thick unsaturated zones archive past changes in recharging fluxes. Results show that recharge is related to LU/LC as follows: discharge through evapotranspiration (i.e., no recharge; upward fluxes <0.1 mm yr^?1) in natural rangeland ecosystems (low matric potentials; high chloride and nitrate concentrations); moderate‐to‐high recharge in irrigated agricultural ecosystems (high matric potentials; low‐to‐moderate chloride and nitrate concentrations) (AD recharge: ～130–640 mm yr^?1); and moderate recharge in nonirrigated (dryland) agricultural ecosystems (high matric potentials; low chloride and nitrate concentrations, and increasing groundwater levels) (HP recharge: ～9–32 mm yr^?1). Replacement of rangeland with agriculture changed flow directions from upward (discharge) to downward (recharge). Recent replacement of rangeland with irrigated ecosystems was documented through downward displacement of chloride and nitrate fronts. Thick unsaturated zones contain a reservoir of salts that are readily mobilized under increased recharge related to LU/LC changes, potentially degrading groundwater quality. Sustainable land use requires quantitative knowledge of the linkages between ecosystem change, recharge, and groundwater quality.     

初夏格西沟自然保护区菌类资源调查研究工——大型菌类的鉴定与分布

目的：对四川省雅江县格西沟自然保护区大型菌类资源种类、茼类分布状况和经济与医药价值进行调查。方法：对保护区内大型菌类的调查主要采用走样线法采集茼类标本,以子实体形态为主,孢子、茼丝形态鉴别为辅进行菌种鉴定。结果：在格西沟自然保护区共走21条样线,采集茼类标本185号,鉴定为18科45种,大型茼粪资源主要分布在高山草甸、硬绿常绿阔叶林、针叶阔叶混交林、针叶林等四种生境。结论：保护区具有丰富的菌类种类,菌类的分布与保护区的各种生境密切相关。     

不同类型稻种资源对稗草化感潜力差异评价

以120份不同类型稻种资源为研究对象,将田间鉴定和室内叶浸提液处理鉴定方法相结合,对其化感作用差异进行了鉴定评价.结果表明,在田间不同类型稻种资源对稗草生长的抑制效果大小趋势为地方品种＞选育品种(系)＞引进品种(系)＞杂交水稻(恢复系和不育系),对稗草苗鲜重和苗干重的抑制效果大于对苗高的抑制效果.室内叶浸提液处理鉴定结果,不同类型稻种资源间化感作用差异相对较小,但仍以地方品种较强,并对稗草根长的抑制效果大于对稗草苗高的抑制效果.地方品种中具有较强化感作用的种质资源频率高于其他类型品种,今后要加强对地方品种资源的化感潜力鉴定和评价.     

The potential use of tree-rings to reconstruct streamflow and estuarine salinity in the Valdivian Rainforest eco-region, Chile

Water availability is one of the main limitations for future development and economic activity in many regions of the world. This applies even to areas of relatively high annual rainfall, such as the Valdivian Rainforest eco-region in Chile (35–48°S). Streamflow and water availability are crucial for several economic activities in the eco-region including hydroelectricity, irrigation, salmon farming, sports fishing of introduced trout and tourism. Scientific research focused on the spatial and temporal patterns of streamflow is a key element for planning the future development within the eco-region. In this paper we explore the potential of tree-rings for streamflow reconstruction in this region. Our preliminary results indicate a significant correlation (r=0.59 P<0.001, 1929–2000) between prior summer Río Bueno streamflow (January–April) and the average between a composite tree-ring chronology using Pilgerodendron uviferum from Chile and two composite Austrocedrus chilensis chronologies from Argentinean Patagonia. Similarly, there is a significant correlation (r=0.57, P<0.001, 1943–2002), between the Austrocedrus chronology (40°44′S) at Centinela in Argentinean Patagonia and the previous spring through early autumn (November–April) streamflow for Río Puelo. The tree-ring records used to correlate with Río Bueno and Río Puelo discharges show low-frequency variability and therefore the potential to reconstruct this variability in streamflow for the last 500–780 years. We also found a significant correlation between the composite Pilgerodendron standard ring-width chronology and the current summer water salinity (January–April) at the Reloncavi Estuary (r²=0.60, P<0.01, 1992–2000). Water salinity is a crucial determinant of the carrying capacity of salmon farming. Future research should provide reconstructions of streamflow, water salinity and other water quality attributes from tree-rings. These data will provide inputs to modeling scenarios of future water availability and are crucial to decision-making and planning of resource management and socio-economic development in the Valdivian Rainforest eco-region.     

Comparative analysis of core collection sampling methods for mandarin germplasm based on molecular and phenotypic data

Gene banks have been established to conserve the genetic diversity of crop species. Large germplasm collections lead to management problems (space, maintenance costs, etc.), especially in collections involving species with recalcitrant seeds that must be maintained as growing plants. Core collections (CCs) are thus developed to reduce the size of large germplasm collections while keeping the maximum variability. This also facilitates fine phenotypic evaluation. In this study, several software packages (DARwin, PowerMarker and MSTRAT) and methods (Max length subtree, M strategy, simulated annealing and MinSD) were compared to define a mandarin (Citrus reticulata) CC. One hundred and sixty‐seven accessions were sampled from two germplasm collections, which were genotyped with 50 SSR, 24 InDel and 68 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. All the CC obtained were tested for the maintenance of the genetic variability parameters (Ho and He) of the initial collection, the level of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and the phenotypic diversity retention. The Max length subtree function from DARWin seemed to be the most appropriate method for establishing a CC in C. reticulata. It maintained 96.82% of the allelic richness and 17.96% of the size of the initial collection with only 30 accessions. Besides it did not increase the LD (r² value) of the initial collection and retained the vast majority of the phenotypic variability. However, a CC with 70 accessions would be more helpful for genetic association studies.