西藏米拉山植物资源的垂直分异

通过野外调查和现有文献资料的分析,研究了西藏米拉山东坡不同海拔带内植物资源的构成特征.结果表明:米拉山区有维管植物86科324属765种,其中蕨类植物15科20属37种,裸子植物有3科7属12种.种类组成趋向于集中在少数科内,区系优势现象明显,反映出米拉山自然环境的特殊性和区系的过渡性.米拉山的植物物种多样性和地理成分多样性都有随海拔升高而减小的变化趋势.海拔3 100～4 100 m是本山区中植物分布相对集中的高度带.海拔3 500～3 700 m是物种资源最为丰富的地段.海拔3 700 m以下地段和海拔5 100 m以上地段的植物物种资源构成与其他各海拔带的相似性较低.     

中国沙棘属植物资源及其开发利用现状

我国沙棘资源蕴藏量大,野生资源丰富.沙棘属植物是一种具有重要经济价值和极好生态效应的野生浆果,其研究和开发利用倍受国内外重视,本文对我国沙棘属植物的资源情况作了简要介绍,并重点介绍了沙棘在医药、食品、饮料、化妆品、生态保护等领域的研究进展及应用价值.     

甘肃南部野生铁线莲属植物种质资源及观赏应用

对甘肃南部野生铁线莲植物的资源状况、分布、生态习性和生物学特性等进行了调查研究,表明甘肃南部有野生铁线莲属植物30种,分布于小陇山、白龙江、西秦岭林区各林场及甘南、陇南、天水地区.花(萼)大色彩艳丽,攀援性、适应性强,观赏价值高,并提出多种观赏利用的形式.     

喀斯特生境台湾相思根瘤菌的生物学特性研究

从广西喀斯特地区台湾相思树采集根瘤并分离纯化获得15个根瘤菌株, 对其生物学特性进行了研究, 结果表明: 这些根瘤菌均具有典型的根瘤菌的个体形态特征。3-酮基乳糖反应、牛肉膏蛋白胨生长均呈阴性; 淀粉水解、柠檬酸盐利用等均呈阳性; 在BTB反应和石蕊牛奶反应均产酸; 都能利用磷酸二氢铵和所供试的7种糖类; 11个菌株能使硝酸盐还原; 有14个菌株能在3.0%和4.0%浓度的NaCl下生长良好或较好; 39℃下有14个菌株能生长; 有13个菌株在pH12条件下能生长, 4个菌株在pH4的酸性条件下能生长; 15个菌株都能在≤10%的CaCO3浓度下生长, 其中有11个菌株能在10%~30%的钙浓度内生长。表现出在喀斯特环境下, 根瘤菌的生理生化特性及抗逆性的多样性。     

Germplasm resources research of Toona sinensis with RAPD and isoenzyme analysis

Collected from Chinese mainland, 25 samples of Toona sinensis seed were planted in a standard garden. Three years later, samples were analyzed with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and isoenzymes variants of cytochrome oxidase and peroxidases. Results of RAPD and isoenzymes variants were analyzed with software POPGENE32 and SPSS10.0 respectively. Phylogenetic trees were calculated from the clustered result of RAPD and isoenzymes variants. Such additional factors as leaves color, latitude and altitude of original seeds were analyzed at the same time. Our result suggested that a general similarity is concurred with the three analyses as RAPD, isoenzymes variants analysis of peroxidases and cytochrome oxidase. Two clusters can be separated from the sample collected as southern and northern ones. In the evolutionary history, a migrating route in the direction from West-South to East-North and with sequential differentiation in the direction South-North can be decided if only it is true with the argument that Toona sinensis came from tropic Asia, the border of east-north India and Burma.     

Feeding responses and food preferences in the tropical, fruit-feeding butterfly, Bicyclus anynana

In the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana (Nymphalidae) essential components of fitness (such as fecundity and longevity) depend to a large degree on exogenous adult-derived nutrients, particularly carbohydrates. We investigated which of the nutrients/compounds found in the adult diet act as feeding stimuli, and whether butterflies show preferences for particular nutrients or combinations. Only sugars and alcohols acted as feeding stimuli, the highest responses being found for sucrose, glucose, ethanol, butanol and propanol. Various other compounds (e.g. amino acids, acetic acid, vitamins, lipids, salts, and yeast) did not elicit any probing or feeding responses. Behavioural tests revealed a clear preference hierarchy for sugars (sucrose > glucose > fructose > maltose), but not for alcohols. Butterflies did not discriminate between sucrose solutions enriched with different nutrients and plain sucrose solutions, although they showed a preference for acetic acid and an aversion to salts and ascorbic acid when offered in combination with sucrose. Throughout, both sexes showed very similar patterns. We conclude that locating carbohydrate sources seems sufficient to cover all the butterflies’ nutritional needs, while alcohols function primarily as long range signals, guiding the butterflies to food sources. Thus, fruit-feeding butterflies, in contrast to nectar-feeding butterflies, appear not to have distinctive preferences for e.g. amino acids or salts, but do share a common primary preference for sucrose.     

安徽蔷薇属植物资源及其开发利用

通过大量的实地调查、查阅文献和腊叶标本,初步查清了安徽蔷薇属植物资源,约有13种,9变种和2型.同时,列出了其主要分布地;阐述了其生物学特性、经济价值及开发利用的现状和途径.     

黄河流域城市生态环境需水量案例研究

根据城市生态环境需水量研究的需要 ,将黄河流域城市分为 5个类别 ,基于降水量和水资源量概念两个研究平台计算黄河流域城市生态环境需水量 ,并对其影响因子进行分析。结果表明 :1基于降水量概念的黄河流域城市最小生态环境需水量为7.95 5× 10 8m3,其中城市绿地和河湖最小需水量分别占总需水量的为 39.1%和 6 0 .9% ;基于水资源概念的黄河流域城市最小生态环境需水量为 6 .0 4 3× 10 8m3,占黄河流域城市市区供水总量的 12 .86 %。 2城市类别与城市生态环境需水量密切相关 ,随着城市级别的降低 ,基于降水量和水资源量概念的黄河城市最小生态环境需水量均呈现出逐渐减少的趋势。3黄河流域城市生态环境需水量表现出明显的空间差异性 ,黄河中下游地区形成城市生态环境需水量的高值区。4黄河流域城市生态环境现状用水量为 2 .876× 10 8m3,最小缺水量为 3.6 6 2× 10 8m3,其中城市绿地和河湖的最小缺水量分别为 0 .84 9× 10 8m3和 2 .830×10 8m3,亟需对黄河流域城市绿地和河湖系统进行补水。 5城市生态环境需水量与需水主体的状况密切相关 ,并受到城市面积、人口和 GDP等社会经济发展指标的深刻影响 ,而降水量、蒸发量和水资源量等自然条件对城市生态环境需水量的影响较小 ,体现出城市生态环境需水量人控     

城市生态环境需水量研究--理论与方法

生态环境需水量是一个整合的新概念。从降水量概念和水资源量概念两个角度界定了城市生态环境需水量的概念与内涵 ,分析其类型和属性特征 ,建立了城市生态环境需水量的方法体系 ,包括城市分类的指标体系与方法、基于降水量概念和水资源量概念的城市生态环境需水量计算方法与等级划分方案 ,为城市生态环境需水量研究提供理论依据与方法支持     

Application of traditional ecological knowledge in the management and sustainability of fisheries in East Africa: a long-neglected strategy?

Management and sustainability of fisheries has been guided by theories and models derived from modern ecological science. Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) has been ignored in all spheres of decision-making for management and sustainability of fisheries in East Africa. TEK guided African communities in the way they associated and interacted with the natural environment around them. Spiritual rituals, religious practices, social taboos and sacred animal totems guided the peoples on how and when to utilize the available natural resources. In the advent of modern scientific knowledge, the African traditional knowledge quickly faded away and is generally seen as irrelevant. Today the potential of TEK in the management and sustainability of fisheries in East Africa has not been realized and its status and future is unknown. TEK should be complementary to modern scientific knowledge in the management and sustainability of fisheries. This paper therefore focuses on the potential application of TEK in the management and sustainability of fisheries in East Africa and the issues that impede its application.