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71.
In recent years, the assessment of ecosystem services (ES) supply has been based on the use of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) data as proxies for spatial representation of ecosystems. Nevertheless, some shortcomings of this method, such as uncertainties derived from generalization of the ecosystem types and assumptions of invariance across spatial scales, indicate the need for new approaches. Such approaches could be aimed at improving knowledge of the relationships between ecosystem services and landscape structure and the spatial characteristics of ES patterns. In this study, we propose an integrative approach that involves the generation and analysis of continuous maps representing the supply of five ES potentially related to the amount of biomass. Five remote sensing images of the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula, obtained with Landsat-5 TM, were used to generate a proxy for net primary production by combining the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of each image to calculate a ΣNDVI index that could act as a potential indicator of some ecosystem services. This information was combined with three variables – terrain slope, population density and occurrence of protected areas – to produce spatial models for the five ES and eventually a series of five supply maps. Food, materials and energy provision services showed a clustered pattern, with high supply values in flat zones and areas with high population densities. In contrast, mass flow and climate regulation services were more widely distributed throughout the study area. The five ecosystem service patterns were analyzed at different scales by two methods: lacunarity and four term local quadrat variance (4TLQV) analysis. These methods revealed differences in the spatial pattern: lacunarity analysis was useful for detection of scale thresholds at the local level, whereas 4TLQV was more sensitive to scale thresholds at larger spatial levels. Thus, the variance analysis yielded higher values for larger windows sizes, particularly for provisioning services. The results demonstrated the suitability of the proposed approach for the spatially explicit modeling of ecosystem services, avoiding the uncertainty of other assessments such as those based on LULC data, and for the exploratory analysis of ES supply from a spatial point of view. 相似文献
72.
Teppei Ikeya David Ban Donghan Lee Yutaka Ito Koichi Kato Christian Griesinger 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》2018,1862(2):287-306
Background
To understand the mechanisms related to the ‘dynamical ordering’ of macromolecules and biological systems, it is crucial to monitor, in detail, molecular interactions and their dynamics across multiple timescales. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an ideal tool that can investigate biophysical events at the atomic level, in near-physiological buffer solutions, or even inside cells.Scope of review
In the past several decades, progress in solution NMR has significantly contributed to the elucidation of three-dimensional structures, the understanding of conformational motions, and the underlying thermodynamic and kinetic properties of biomacromolecules. This review discusses recent methodological development of NMR, their applications and some of the remaining challenges.Major conclusions
Although a major drawback of NMR is its difficulty in studying the dynamical ordering of larger biomolecular systems, current technologies have achieved considerable success in the structural analysis of substantially large proteins and biomolecular complexes over 1 MDa and have characterised a wide range of timescales across which biomolecular motion exists. While NMR is well suited to obtain local structure information in detail, it contributes valuable and unique information within hybrid approaches that combine complementary methodologies, including solution scattering and microscopic techniques.General significance
For living systems, the dynamic assembly and disassembly of macromolecular complexes is of utmost importance for cellular homeostasis and, if dysregulated, implied in human disease. It is thus instructive for the advancement of the study of the dynamical ordering to discuss the potential possibilities of solution NMR spectroscopy and its applications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Biophysical Exploration of Dynamical Ordering of Biomolecular Systems” edited by Dr. Koichi Kato. 相似文献73.
The spatial characterisation and vertical analysis are together considered important to evaluate structure of forested landscapes. In recent years, increased human impacts have resulted in changes in landscape and structure of the forest ecosystem. The present study is aimed to analyse impacts of disturbance on landscape structure using satellite remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS) in Madhav National Park of India. The Landsat TM data have been used to identify vegetation types. The patch characteristics of the vegetation like size, shape, porosity and patch density have been studied. The physical and humanmade features have divided the national park in three zones. These zones are also utilised as management zones by the State Forest Department. The study indicates that the central zone is distinctly different from the south and north zones. The patch size and porosity have been found to be most important parameters to discriminate differences in the ecological status of three different zones of the park. The patchiness and shape provide supportive information and characterise the patches of the zones. The structural analysis of the vegetation revealed effect on species diversity and biomass distribution in the different disturbance regimes. 相似文献
74.
75.
人类活动影响下科尔沁沙地沙漠化动态的敏感性分析及灰色预测 总被引:21,自引:2,他引:19
利用90年代1◊25万和1◊50万的TM遥感影像及GIS获得的数据,结合该区70、80年代遥感调查数据,分析了科尔沁地区6个县的土地覆盖类型和潜在沙漠化动态及敏感因子。结果表明,1980~1990年该区的沙化面积从53%扩大到70%,林地下降10.7%,草地增加8.38%,主要为低覆盖草地。由于10年来人口密度增加了10人·km-2,耕地平均增加了7%,人口增加和活动是土地覆盖变化的敏感性因子。分析该区沙漠化的自然因素表明气候变化导致沙漠化的正逆过程,人类活动是近代该区沙漠化加剧的直接原因。灰色预测表明该地区2000年以后人口增加,而沙漠化呈增加和减少两种趋势. 相似文献
76.
The origins and relationships among Micronesians, Polynesians, and Melanesians were investigated. Five different mtDNA region V length polymorphisms from 873 individuals representing 24 Oceanic and Asian populations were analyzed. The frequency cline of a common deletion and the distributions of a rare expanded length polymorphism support the origin of both Micronesians and Polynesians in Island Southeast Asia. Genetic, linguistic, and geographic distances were compared to assess the relative importance of isolation and gene flow during the prehistory of 19 Austronesian-speaking populations subdivided into five potential spheres of interaction. We observed significant correlations (P < 0.05) between genetic and linguistic distances in four of five comparisons. These data indicate extensive gene flow throughout much of Micronesia, but substantial isolation in other Pacific regions. Although recent advancements in our understanding of intentional voyaging within Remote Oceania have challenged the existence of the “myth of the primitive isolate,” we caution against the adoption of panmictic alternatives. Am J Phys Anthropol 105:109–119, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
77.
针对神农架川金丝猴生境基础研究中乔木树种大范围分布数据难以获取问题,尝试利用多源多时相遥感数据结合专家知识分层次实现树种识别。首先采用冬季Landsat8/OLI数据根据物侯特性分层提取常绿、落叶林的地域范围;进而依据夏季Worldview-2高分遥感影像的实地乔木样本的光谱特征分层次完成常绿树种(巴山冷杉、华山松、青$、刺叶栎)和落叶树种(红桦、日本落叶松、米心水青冈、漆树、锐齿槲栎、椅杨)的识别;并通过实地植被样方及专家知识通过高程数据完成分类结果的修正;最后结合GIS对主要优势树种的地形及地域分布特征进行了空间分析。实验精度表明常绿林中巴山冷杉、华山松、刺叶栎、虫害华山松整体精度较高,落叶林中红桦、漆树等识别精度相对较高,部分树种如椅杨、锐齿槲栎识别精度较低;总体上常绿树种的精度要优于落叶树种。从植物地理学、遥感、GIS三者相结合的角度,将多源、多时相遥感数据与物种物候特性、专家知识进行有效整合,提出了一种乔木树种识别的方法(1)提供了复杂山地环境的主要乔木优势种识别途径,且具有通用性;(2)完成了物种物候特性与遥感数据特性的整合利用,有效降低数据成本费用;(3)配合地面样方及专家知识修正结果,避免了过分依赖光谱特征引起的误判。这将为神农架川金丝猴栖息地保护与恢复提供更精确的数据依据。 相似文献
78.
雄安新区地表覆盖变化及其新区规划的生态响应预测 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
雄安新区是新近设立的国家级新区,如何在新区建设中坚持生态优先、绿色发展,是即将开展的新区规划必须考虑的问题。绿色生态规划离不开对规划区生态本底的清楚认识,离不开对规划结果的准确预判。因此基于2004、2015年的Landsat影像,采用遥感信息反演技术和RSEI遥感生态指数,评估了该区近11年来的地表不透水面、植被和水体三大覆盖类型的变化,并预测新区建设的生态效应及其对热环境的影响。结果表明,雄安新区近11年地表不透水面、植被和水体的面积虽互有增减,但变化强度都小于5%,总体开发强度不大,本底生态质量较好,稳中略升。定量分析表明,在该区的三大地表覆盖类型中,不透水面对区域生态和地表温度的影响最大。根据所获得的关系模型预测,新区的人口规划和面积方案将对区域生态质量和热环境产生影响,如果按新增不透水面面积占新区面积25%的比例来预测,它将使生态质量下降10%,地表温度上升1.1℃;但如果将不透水面比例控制在20%,则新区的生态质量反而上升3.6%,地表温度下降0.3℃。 相似文献
79.
Acoustic mapping using a multibeam echosounder reveals cold-water coral reefs and surrounding habitats 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Multibeam surveys were carried out in four areas to the west of Scotland where the coral Lophelia pertusa had previously been recorded. Distinctive seabed mounds were found in one area; video images from the mounds showed coral
reef formation, and grab samples recovered L. pertusa reef framework and rubble. Skeleton samples were dated to 3,800 years BP. Grab samples contained 123 species of fauna. The
reef structures, termed the Mingulay Reef Complex, were identified as topographic mound-like structures from the bathymetric
data and were also visible on the backscatter images. The location of the reefs coincides with Atlantic bottom waters, close
to a primary productivity centre and mixing zone, in an area where currents are likely to be accelerated by rocky seafloor
ridges. This study shows that multibeam echosounders are powerful tools to locate and map deep-water coral reefs irrespective
of water depth.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
80.
The Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS/Envisat) was launched in March 2002 for coastal zone monitoring. Preliminary data from MERIS show that its imagery of large lakes is superior to that of other common ocean colour sensors. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the MERIS data on large European lakes, Vänern and Vättern in Sweden and Peipsi in Estonia/Russia. In these lakes, coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) can be a major contributor to the optical properties of the water. Another characteristic of the waters under investigation is the large temporal and spatial variability in the concentrations of chlorophyll (C Chl) and suspended sediments (C TSS). Potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms occur in Lake Peipsi in late summer. We have compared the MERIS products from the latest reprocessing (finished in March 2006) with available in situ data. There is a reasonably good correlation between the MERIS algal_2 product and the measured C chl over all three lakes, but no correlation was found for other optically active substances. A significant portion of the pixels (up to 90%) are flagged as invalid results after atmospheric correction. 相似文献