地表水资源供给服务供需关系对节水政策的响应——以大清河流域为例

水资源是基础性自然资源和战略资源,科学量化水资源供给服务的供需关系、识别供需矛盾的突出区域是进行流域水资源管理的重要前提。以大清河流域为例,利用InVEST模型,建立了水资源供给服务空间流动量化方法,预测了用水效率提升、节水灌溉两种节水政策情景对水资源供给服务供需关系的影响。结果表明：(1)流域水资源供给服务和水资源需求量均呈现出上游低、下游高的空间分布格局,农业用水为流域主要用水类型,2010—2015年,流域水资源供给服务增长0.97%,水资源需求量出现了9.6%的下降;(2)2010—2015年,流域整体水资源供给服务的供需比由0.78提升至0.88,服务的空间流动使得上游盈余的水量缓解了中下游的用水压力,但中下游水资源需求大于供给的问题仍普遍存在;(3)提升用水效率、推行节水灌溉这两种节水政策均能够有效改善大清河流域的水资源供需关系,分别可将流域水资源供需比提升至0.97和0.96,基本达到供需平衡。研究可为北方资源型缺水流域水资源供需匹配度的提高、节水政策潜力的评估提供借鉴。     

滦河流域土壤保持和水质净化服务及其权衡与协同关系

滦河流域是京津冀地区重要的生态屏障和水源涵养区,但流域内仍存在水土流失、河流水质不达标等问题。基于实测资料及loadest模型等工具率定InVEST模型参数,定量评估了滦河流域各生态区2005、2010和2015年土壤保持和水质净化服务及其时空变化特征,采用相关分析和基于网格的Moran′I指数分析了两项服务的作用机理和权衡与协同关系的时空分异,并探讨了气候和土地利用变化对二者的影响。结果表明：2005年、2010年、2015年滦河流域年均土壤保持强度为136.45 t/hm²,时间上呈现出先强增后微减的特点,空间格局表现为由西北向东南增加;流域总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)年均输出量分别为1526.73 t/a和82.89 t/a,输出量逐年增加且集中在流域中下游,流域整体水质净化能力有所减弱。流域内水体中TN、TP浓度与泥沙入河量具有显著相关性,土壤保持和水质净化服务关系整体上由协同向权衡转变,空间上的差异性表现为林地、草地集中区域(生态区A)多以协同关系为主,而农牧带交错地区(生态区B)多以权衡关系为主。建议未来滦河流域开展生态建设和管理工作时应统筹考虑土壤保持...     

长江流域生态系统服务价值时空演变与预测

长江流域是我国的经济重心和生态保育区,揭示其生态系统服务价值(ESV)的历史演变和发展趋势对支撑长江流域的生态经济系统持续发展具有重要意义。采用长江流域1992—2018年逐年土地利用数据,构建了基于修正系数的ESV评估模型和FLUS-Markov土地利用预测模型,解析了全流域ESV的历史演变特征和未来2030年变化趋势。结果表明：(1)2018年长江流域的ESV总量11.68×10¹²元,1992—2018年ESV呈上升趋势,年均提高297.00×10⁸元;(2)供给服务价值是流域ESV的最大贡献源,占总量的48.3%—51.8%,文化服务价值是增长最快的贡献源,1992—2018年增长了52.5%;(3)上游地区是长江流域ESV最集中的区域,上游ESV占全流域的45.15—46.8%,从1992年到2018年,长江流域ESV重心有向下游流动的趋势;(4)2030年长江流域的建设用地将进一步扩展,同时耕地、草地面积有下降的风险,2030年长江流域的ESV新增量达到0.36×10¹²元,主要来自娱乐和气候调节服务价值的提...     

A new species of Sturisoma Swainson, 1838 (Loricariidae: Loricariinae), from the Madeira River basin,with a discussion of historical biogeography of western Amazonas and Paraguay River basins

A new loricariin species of Sturisoma is described from the Cautário, Guaporé, Mamoré, Machado and Soteiro rivers, Madeira River basin, in Bolivia and Brazil. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a middorsal longitudinal, thin dark brown stripe on the caudal peduncle, extending from two or three plates posterior to the dorsal-fin base, reaching the origin of the caudal fin, or one or two plates anterior to the origin of the caudal fin; small squarish anteriormost abdominal plates; and a middorsal longitudinal dark-brown stripe from first predorsal plate to near the dorsal-fin origin. Furthermore, the new species is diagnosed from congeners by plate morphology, counts on the median series, coalescent plates and ventrolateral thoracic plates, in addition to measurements related to body and head structures. An analysis of genetic distances using cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene marker of the mitochondrial genome between the new species and several congeners is presented, in addition to a likelihood analysis to illustrate the position of the new taxon within Sturisoma. An identification key for species of the genus currently recorded at the upper Amazonas River basin is provided.     

Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of trace metal contamination in the musculature of the trahira fish (Hoplias malabaricus) from two neotropical rivers in southeastern Brazil

BackgroundFish are an important source of nutrition for humans. Artisanal fishing plays a fundamental role in Brazil fish production. In Brazil, the unrestrained increase, diffusion, and little importance for environmental causes of other economic activities, such as the agricultural industry, has caused irreparable damage, leading to the contamination of water bodies. Among the countless pollutants that reach water bodies, trace metals are extremely problematic. Here, we evaluated the bioaccumulation and health risk of trace metal contamination in the musculature of the trahira fish (Hoplias malabaricus), collected from two rivers in southeastern Brazil.MethodsDuring the period from May 2017 to November 2019, 90 fish were collected, 45 from each river. River water samples were also taken during the same collection periods. From fish, muscle tissue samples were taken, and together with river water samples, analyzed for the recovery of trace metals (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb) through the technique of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).ResultsIn general, fish as well as the waters of the Jacaré-Guaçú River had higher concentrations of metals. The elements Al, Cr and Cd stood out from the others analyzed metals for having a hazard index (HQ) above 1 (Al), for being up to 10 times above the concentrations allowed by Brazilian legislation (Cr) and for having a high bioconcentration factor (Cd), indicating a biomagnification process through the food chain.ConclusionIn general, trace metal concentrations in the waters and fish of the Jacaré‐Guaçú were higher than in the Jacaré-Pepira, which shows that the Jacaré‐Guaçú is the one that suffers more anthropogenic action between the two rivers. In addition, some elements such as Al, Cr and Cd, due to its high concentrations, should receive some attention as they can pose risks to the health of fish, which can jeopardize the survival of their populations, and especially to humans who use these animals as a food source.     

Cultivation of the agarophyte Gelidium pristoides in Algoa Bay,South Africa

Biofilms were allowed to develop on wooden slides of the River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Myrtaceae) submerged in two billabongs of south-eastern Australia. The slides were placed in the photic zone and the aphotic zone, and the biofilms sampled after eight week's growth over the summer of 1989–1990 and winter of 1990. Bacterial numbers, estimated with epifluorescence microscopy, ranged from 4–78 × 10⁶ cells cm^–2. Bacteria were more abundant in the photic zone than the aphotic zone, and more abundant in summer than winter. Fewer than 0.5% of the bacteria could be cultivated on nutrient agar plates. Concentrations of phospholipids ranged from 8–79 ng cm^–2, which corresponded to bacterial abundances of 2–17 × 10⁶ cells cm^–2. Fifty five phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) were identified, of which 16:0 (13–29% of total PFLA) was the most common. Other abundant PFLA included 16:17c (6–28%), 18:26 (3–16%), 18:33 (4–12%), 18:19c (3–5%), 18:l7c (5–11%) and 18:0 (2–8%). Minor PLFA included 14:0, i and a 15:0, 15:0, 16:l5c, 16:113c, 18:36, 18:43, 20:46 and 20:53. The PLFA profiles of the biofilms were quite different from those of the sediments and plankton. There was a clear distinction between the PLFA profiles of summer and winter biofilms, but less evidence for unequivocal site or light-regime effects.     

Genetic variation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., within the Tamar catchment in south-west England

Electrophoretic analysis of enzymes in 383 juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., within the Tamar catchment (south-west England) revealed significant genetic differences at the IDHP-3* locus between the three tributaries studied. Aspects of temporal and spatial variation, and management policy within catchments, are discussed.     

A methodological approach to the use of terrestrial invertebrates for the assessment of alluvial wetlands

We review progress toward developing a data-analysis system using invertebrate species lists in wetland evaluation procedures. Species lists for Mollusca, Carabidae (Coleoptera), Empidoidea and Syrphidae (Diptera), derived from samples collected at six stations along a transect established at a site on the floodplain of the River Loire (France) provide the raw data. An initial analysis using a traditional ordination method (Correspondence Analysis) is carried out. A data base was established for the 118 mollusc, carabid and syrphid species recorded, and each species was then treated not as a simple integer, but as an amalgam of digitised attributes deemed responsive to wetland conditions, in a correspondence analysis on instrumental variables. Despite the generalized nature of the attributes as defined for this example, the approach demonstrates a marked increase in interpretability of the output of analysis, in respect of the relation between the species and the floodplain environment. It also highlights the value of use of data pertaining to more than one taxonomic group and of selecting these taxonomic groups on the basis of complementarity of their bioindicator potential.Corresponding Editor: J.T.A. Verhoeven     

Factors affecting nitrogen loss in experimental wetlands with different hydrologic loads

Constructed or restored wetlands have great potential for reducing nonpoint source contamination of surface and ground waters by agricultural chemical contaminants. The work reported here combines field and experimental studies of factors affecting nitrogen loss in the Des Plaines River Experimental Wetlands, northeastern Illinois, USA. These wetlands receive approximately 5–36 cm/week of pumped river water with significant but seasonally variable loads of nitrate and organic nitrogen. On an annual basis, the wetlands removed 78–95% of the nitrate and 54–75% of the total nitrogen received. At the low hydrologic loading rate, organic nitrogen exports approximately equalled imports. However at the higher hydrologic loading rate, the wetlands exported 22–31% more organic nitrogen than received. Seasonal variation in nitrate and organic nitrogen loads had significant effects on the effectiveness of the wetlands as sinks for total nitrogen. The wetlands were nitrogen sinks during periods of the nitrate loading and nitrogen sources during periods of low nitrate loading. Experimental studies demonstrated the effects of nitrate concentration, temperature, and location on rates of nitrate loss. Results suggest that nitrite loading rates might influence not only nitrate loss rates but also loss rate coefficients.     

海河流域植物土壤中氮碳的含量特征

本文研究了海河要植物（包括栽培和野生植物）及土壤中氮、碳的含量特征,结果表明：本区植物氮含量平均约２％,最高约６％,少数植物约３％－４％;不同植物类型氮含量以蔬菜植物最高,苔藓、蕨类植物最低,大多数植物碳含量平均在４０％－４５％左右,其次为茎和叶。不同土壤类型含氮量以亚高山草甸土最高,盐碱土最低,０－１０ｃｍ土层含氮量明显高１０－２０ｃｍ土层。不同土类炭含量以棕壤土最高,草甸褐土,潮土最低,０－１