蔬菜地潜叶蝇寄生蜂种类研究（Ⅱ）——金小蜂科Pteromalidae和大痣细蜂科Measpilidae

本报道从蔬菜潜叶蝇幼虫和蛹中羽化的金小蜂科5属5种,即两色卡丽金小蜂Callitula bicolor、圆形赘须金小蜂Halticoptera circulus、菲麦瑞金小蜂Merismus megapterus、横节斯夫金小蜂Sphegigaster stepicola、潜蝇底诺金小蜂Thinod ytes cyzicus。以及大痣细蜂科1属1种,即卡氏盾痣细蜂Dendrocerus car penteri。其中圆形赘须金小蜂是蔬菜地潜中蝇寄生性小蜂的优势种。另有寄生蜂的2种寄主新记录。植物寄主涉及各种蔬菜作物。     

Patch exploitation strategies of parasitic wasps under intraspecific competition

The optimal residence time of a forager exploiting a resourcepatch in the absence of competitors has been much studied sincethe development of the marginal value theorem. However, severalforagers are frequently observed exploiting the same patch simultaneously,and patch residence time has been surprisingly little studiedin such competitive situations. The few theoretical models developedon this topic predict that foragers should engage in a war ofattrition and stay in the patch longer than when foraging alone.We tested this prediction in Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae), a solitary parasitoid species in which femalesare known to defend the hosts they are exploiting via intraspecificfighting. By measuring the effect of direct (i.e., presenceof conspecifics) and indirect (i.e., presence of already-parasitizedhosts) competition on patch exploitation strategies, we revealedan apparent polymorphism of strategies. Indeed, in competitivesituations, some members of the population tended to retreatalmost immediately from the patch whereas other members tendedto remain, further exploit the patch, and be more involved ininteractions with conspecifics. The proportion of "retreaters"strongly depended on competition intensity and prior experienceof competition. The forager's physiological state (age) alsoaffects patch exploitation strategy and the intensity of interactionsbetween competing females. Our results highlight the necessityfor further theoretical studies that consider cases where contestsbetween foragers are costly and take into account prior experienceof competition and the forager's physiological state.     

The Distributions of Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of Anastrepha Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) along an Altitudinal Gradient in Veracruz, Mexico

In the state of Veracruz, Mexico, fruits from 38 sites at various altitudes were collected monthly over a period of 2 years, and the tephritid fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha and associated parasitoids that emerged from these fruits were identified and counted. Of the 26 species of fruits that contained Anastrepha larvae, 18 species also contained a total of 10 species of Anastrepha parasitoids. These consisted of 4 native and 1 exotic species of opiine braconid larval–pupal parasitoids, 2 native species of eucoilid larval–pupal parasitoids, 1 exotic species of eulophid larval–pupal parasitoid, 1 exotic species of pteromalid pupal parasitoid, and 1 native species of diapriid pupal parasitoid. Overall parasitism (including flies from fruit species that bore no parasitoids) was 6% and was greatest, 16%, at 600–800 m in altitude. The relative contributions of individual parasitoid species to overall parasitism were frequently influenced by both the altitude (and correlated changes in temperature and precipitation) and the species of plant in which the Anastrepha larvae were found. This was particularly the case among the more abundant and widespread Braconidae. To distinguish the role of altitude from that of the distributions of the host plants, these braconids were examined in 4 individual species of fruit that grew over a broad range of altitudes. In guava (Psidium guajava L.) and “jobo” (Spondias mombin L.) the parasitoid Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti) was relatively more common at low altitudes. Its congener, Doryctobracon crawfordi (Viereck), was relatively more abundant at high altitudes in sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.). Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) became relatively more common at higher altitudes in S. mombin, whereas Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) tended to become relatively rare at the highest altitudes in C. aurantium, but increased at high altitudes in P. guajava compared to other braconids. Different altitudinal patterns of abundance in different fruits suggests the importance of both biotic and abiotic factors in parasitoid distributions. We discuss the effect of an expanding agricultural frontier on parasitoid abundance and relate our findings to the design of a fruit fly biological control program that tailors mass releases to parasitoid climate preferences.     

Development of the gregarious ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis using five species of necrophagous flies as hosts and at various developmental temperatures

The utility of five species of necrophagous flies (Diptera) as pupal hosts for Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was examined by comparing incidences of parasitism, fecundity, and several features of wasp development at three rearing temperatures. Species differences in host suitability were evident in all life history features examined, with the highest incidences of parasitism, largest clutches and adult body sizes, and shortest periods of development occurring when the sarcophagid Sarcophaga bullata Parker served as hosts, regardless of temperature in which the wasps developed. Puparia of the calliphorids Lucilia illustris Meigen, Phormia regina Meigen, and Protophormia terraenovae Robineau‐Desvoidy were also accepted as hosts by the female parasitoids, albeit not equally so, and each yielded large, female‐biased broods. By contrast, pupae of the calliphorid Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) were not well suited to serve as an oviposition site or support the development of N. vitripennis. When successful parasitism did occur on any host species, duration of parasitoid development increased, adult body sizes were truncated, male‐biased sex ratios were produced, and mortality from egg hatch to adult emergence elevated with increasing rearing temperature. Unlike with the four other fly species, C. rufifacies did not yield any adult parasitoids when the rearing temperature was 35 °C. The results argue that developmental data determined for this wasp derived from a single host species is not sufficient for applying to all scenarios in which wasp development is necessary to estimate a postmortem interval or periods of insect activity.     

Effects of age and repeated mating on male sperm supply and paternity in a parasitoid wasp

Post-copulatory paternity biases after female multiple mating are major constraints on both male and female reproductive systems. The outcome of paternity in certain situations is only controlled directly by male sperm stock. This was tested experimentally in the parasitoid wasp Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), in which sperm stocks are small (several hundred) and the fertilizing efficiency of stored sperm is high (the ratio of sperm stored/fertilized eggs is about 0.75). Sperm in seminal vesicles and paternity of males of different status (virgin young, virgin old, or young previously mated) were measured after female single and double mating. The amount of sperm in the seminal vesicle differed according to male status (increasing from previously mated males to old males), but there was no difference in sperm stored by females after a single mating. In double mating experiments with two males of different status, paternity increased linearly with the relative amount of sperm in seminal vesicles. Paternity distribution conforms to 'a fair raffle' of sperm from both donors following complete mixing of sperm prior to fertilization. Thus, in a female multiple mating context, male fitness depends principally on their sperm stock, which in turn depends on life history parameters, such as age and previous mating.     

Temperature‐dependant development of Nasonia vitripennis on five forensically important carrion fly species

The effects of temperature and host species on the development of Nasonia vitripennis Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a forensically important parasitoid of carrion flies, were studied under laboratory conditions. Development time of N. vitripennis on five species of Calliphoridae (Diptera), Calliphora albifrontalis Malloch, Calliphora dubia Macquart, Lucilia sericata Meigen, Chrysomya rufifacies Macquart, and Chrysomya megacephala Fabricius, were determined under eight constant temperatures (15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36 °C). Thermal requirements for development (developmental thresholds, thermal constant, and optimum temperature) of N. vitripennis in each host species were estimated using linear and nonlinear models. Upper and lower developmental thresholds ranged between 36.6–38.4 and 9.6–11.1 °C, respectively. The optimum temperature for development was estimated at between 30.6 and 31.8 °C. Statistical differences in the development time of N. vitripennis on the various calliphorid host species were evident within all temperature treatments, particularly at the upper and lower temperature range investigated. As such, it is recommended that insect‐based estimates of time since death in forensic investigations relying on parasitoid evidence should use host‐specific development data where available.     

中国蝽卵金小蜂属分类研究(膜翅目:小蜂总科:金小蜂科)

研究了中国金小蜂科蝽卵金小蜂属,记述１新种、１个新组合种及２个中国新纪录种：Ａｃｒｏｃｌｉｓｏｉｄｅｓ ｑｕｉｎｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、Ａｃｒｏｃｌｉｓｏｉｄｅｓ ｓｉｎｉｃｕｓ（Ｈｕａｎｇ＆Ｌｉａｏ）ｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．,Ａｃｒｏｃｌｉｓｏｉｄｅｓ ｌｕｚｏｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｇａｈａｎ、Ａｃｒｏｃｌｉｓｏｉｄｅｓ ｉｎｄｉｕｓ Ｆｅｒｒｉｅｒｅ。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

中国瘿蚊金小蜂属研究(膜翅目:金小蜂科)

研究了中国金小蜂科、金小蜂亚科的瘿蚊金小蜂属Ｐｒｏｐｉｃｒｏｓｃｙｔｕｓ Ｓｚｅｌｅｎｙｉ,１９４１,重新描述了中国分布的２个种：斑腹瘿蚊金小蜂Ｐｒｏｐｉｃｒｏｓｃｙｔｕｓ ｍｉｒｉｆｉｃｕｓ（Ｇｉｒａｕｌｔ）及斑腹金小蜂Ｐｒｏｐｉｃｒｏｓｃｙｔｕｓ ｏｒｙｚａｅ （Ｓｕｂｂａ Ｒａｏ）,编制了中国瘿蚊金小峰属分种检索表。其中,斑腹瘿蚊金小蜂Ｐｒｏｐｉｃｒｏｓｃｙｔｕｓ ｍｉｒｉｆｉｃｕｓ （Ｇｉ     

中国脊柄金小蜂属(膜翅目 :金小蜂科)研究及新种记述(英文)

本文系统研究了中国金小蜂科脊柄金小蜂属AsaphesWalker ,共记述 6种 ,其中包括 4新种 :脐刻脊柄金小蜂Asaphesumbilicalissp .nov .,大眼脊柄金小蜂Asaphesoculisp .nov .,长梗脊柄金小蜂Asaphessici formissp .nov .和小索脊柄金小蜂Asaphesglobularissp .nov .。模式标本均保存于中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。脐刻脊柄金小蜂Asaphesumbilicalissp .nov .:正模 :♀ ,吉林延吉 ,196 2 VI 2 0 ,陈泰鲁采。本种与本属其它种区别 :胸部被粗糙的网状刻点 ,且具脐状刻点 ;后足基节背面光滑无毛 ;前翅后缘脉为缘脉的 2倍 ;触角位于复眼下缘连线上方 ,第 2环节亚方形且具感觉毛。大眼脊柄金小蜂Asaphesoculisp .nov .:正模 :♀ ,云南丽江丽地坪 ,340 0m ;1984 VIII 14,李畅方采。本种与蚜茧蜂脊柄金小蜂A .vulgarisWalker区别在于 :梗节长为宽的 2 .33倍 ;前翅被密毛 ,无透明斑。长梗脊柄金小蜂Asaphessiciformissp .nov .:正模 :♀ ,云南小中甸 ,380 0m ,1984 VIII 1,李畅方采。本种与大眼脊柄金小蜂Aaphesoculisp .nov的区别为 :梗节与鞭节长之和与头宽相当 ;头背面观宽为长的1.8倍 ,上颊后缘无被毛 ;颚眼距为复眼高的 1/ 2。小索脊柄金小蜂Asaphesglobularissp .nov .:正模 :♀ ,西藏曲松 ,4 10 0m