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991.
According to present acts and regulations, farmed foxes shall have a gnawing or other enrichment object in their cages. However, research on the welfare effects of gnawing objects has been scarce. We assessed physiology and health, that is weight development, urinary cortisol-creatinine ratio, serum cortisol level after adrenocorticotropic hormone administration, internal organ masses and incidence of gastric ulcerations as well as dental and overall oral health, in pair-housed juvenile blue foxes that were housed either with or without a possibility to interact with bones (cattle femur) during their growing season (July to December). The results show that the physiological effects of the possibility to interact with bones were either non-significant or suggested that competition for bones may jeopardize the welfare of subordinate individuals. However, the results clearly show that gnawing bones are beneficial for the dental health of farmed foxes.  相似文献   
992.
社会治理是基于对本社会管理过程中权力格局分析与判断,在政府、市场、社会与公民基关系明确定位的前提下倡导的新型公共管理模式,由于其对公众利益和责任表达、解决突出社会矛盾问题具有针对性和优越性,已得到普遍促进和应用。试图通过对国内外社会治理理论进展、内涵归纳以及医疗卫生领域社会治理有效路径和实践探索的梳理分析,提出了在医疗卫生领域探讨和开发其社会治理效用和适宜路径的思考建议。  相似文献   
993.
目的 了解住院病人的看法,为提高患者满意度,促进医患和谐提供参考。方法 利用2008年第4次国家卫生服务调查的数据,用描述性方法和Logistic回归,分析住院病人对所住医院的评价以及影响住院病人不满意的因素。结果 一半以上的住院病人比较满意。费用高、设备差、手续繁琐、态度差是最不满意的4个方面。收入、住院时间、自费高低等因素会影响患者满意。 结论 提高住院患者满意度,改善医患关系需要医、患、政府三方共同努力。  相似文献   
994.
公立医院补偿机制改革与医院监管机制、药品监管机制、医疗保障体制改革密切相关。回顾了改革开放以来我国公立医院财政补偿政策变迁的3个阶段,并从公立医院职能的角度,分析了公立医院成本核算在界定医院财政补偿与市场补偿领域的重要意义。  相似文献   
995.
农村留守孩心理健康的家庭因素研究   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
青少年时期是儿童个性发展的一个重要时期,个性发展有较大的可塑性。目前农村劳动力迁移导致了大批留守儿童亲子教育缺失和家庭教育缺位。本文对留守儿童心理健康的相关研究进行了整理,分析了影响留守儿童心理健康状况的四个主要家庭因素,并总结了关于为留守儿童建立社区学校和家庭的三维支持系统的建议。  相似文献   
996.
Objective: We examined the relationship between income and education level with BMI and waist circumference to provide further understanding of the relationship between socioeconomic status and obesity and to identify the presence of sex differences. Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 7962 people ≥20 years of age (3597 men; 4365 women) who participated in the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey provided data including height, weight, waist circumference, education, and income level. We examined adjusted BMI and waist circumference according to level of income and education and the association between income and education with obesity and abdominal obesity by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: In men, significant dose‐response relationships were noted between income and obesity (trend, p < 0.05) and abdominal obesity (trend, p < 0.05). Compared with the lowest income group, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval) of the highest income group for obesity and abdominal obesity were 1.65 (1.18 to 2.32) and 1.37 (0.94 to 1.98), respectively. However, income was not associated with obesity or abdominal obesity in the fully adjusted models in women. With regard to education, women showed significantly decreased ORs, with inverse trends for obesity and abdominal obesity across all education levels. Compared with the lowest education group, the adjusted ORs (95% confidence interval) for obesity and abdominal obesity were 0.66 (0.57 to 0.76) and 0.40 (0.35 to 0.45), respectively, among women with 7 to 12 years of schooling and 0.27 (0.21 to 0.34) and 0.15 (0.12 to 0.18), respectively, among women with 13 or more years of schooling. Discussion: Socioeconomic difference has a considerable impact on the prevalence of obesity among the Korean population, and the patterns differ substantially across sex.  相似文献   
997.
998.
Human health risks associated with changes in synthetic chemical pesticide use following the introduction of genetically modified crops are quantified in this article. Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) cotton and herbicide-tolerant (HT) soybean, two genetically modified crops, were chosen as the focus for this study based on their global popularity. An innovative multimedia total exposure model, CalTOX, was used to calculate the health risks for two target populations, before and after the introduction of Bt cotton and HT soybean. Major results include the quantification of incremental lifetime cancer risk based on a time-weighted average exposure, and the quantification of hazard ratios for non-cancer effects based on the maximum exposure rate value, both computed over the exposure duration. Results show that human health risks are not intuitively and necessarily reduced with the reduction of pesticide use. For example, more trifluralin was used after the introduction of HT soybeans in Iowa and Minnesota, leading to higher risks. Moreover, the general population may have larger exposures to pesticides when compared with the population living in areas where pesticides are actually applied. This may occur because exposure to pesticides is not only dependent on geographical distance from the contaminated area, but also strongly dependent on other factors, such as the characteristic travel distance and environmental persistence.  相似文献   
999.
AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of bacterial contamination generated by three Italian composting plants (1, 2 and 3) in two different seasons and to assess the health risk for the employees. METHODS AND RESULTS: Aerosols samples were collected with an agar impact sampler. Several plant sites and external upwind and downwind controls were examined. Total colony-forming counts of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria, actinomycetes and streptomycetes, Gram-negatives, coliforms and sulfite-reducers were determined. Selective media were used in order to isolate pathogenic bacteria. The levels of total mesophilic and thermophilic micro-organisms ranged between 33 and >40,000 CFU m(-3) in plant 1, 39 and 18,700 CFU m(-3) in plant 2 and 261 and 6278 CFU m(-3) in plant 3. Strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens were also found. CONCLUSIONS: The plants monitored in this study have proved to be sources of aerosolized bacteria. The activities involving mechanical movement of the composting mass and the indoor activities were of greatest potential risk. In all the studied plants, a statistically significant dependence was found between the bacterial contamination and the season for some or almost all the analysed parameters, but a clear seasonal trend could not be observed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides broad evidence of bacterial aerosol dispersion and site-related biological hazards that may be useful to the regional government to implement regulations on worker safety in composting plants.  相似文献   
1000.
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